William Radford


William Radford was a rear admiral of the United States Navy who served during the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War, in which he remained loyal to the Union, despite his Virginia birth. Radford commanded the Ironclad Division in the attacks on Fort Fisher to assert Union control of Cape Fear.

Ancestry and early life

On, John Radford married Harriet Kennerly in Fincastle, Virginia at Santillane, the estate of her uncle George Hancock. In attendance at the wedding was William Clark direct from the Corps of Discovery exploration.
There is a discrepancy about William's birth-date, with some references giving it as but family records and the U.S. Federal Census forms support the 1809 date.
After William was born in Fincastle, the Radfords moved to Lewis County, Kentucky near Maysville where William's two siblings were born. In 1817, father John Radford was killed by the wild boar he was hunting. Widow Harriet moved her three children to Saint Louis, Missouri to join her brothers and first cousin Judith "Julia" Hancock Clark, wife of William Clark. The Radfords resided with her brother James Kennerly.
Julia Clark succumbed. Widower William Clark married Harriet in Saint Louis, adopted the Radford children and added three children to their combined family:
After his mother's second marriage, Radford initially refused to move into the Clark house, so he was sent to a school in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, where he became acquainted with the sea. He asked stepfather William Clark for a recommendation to the U.S. Navy. Clark sent a personal request to President John Quincy Adams.
William Clark's diaries mention Radford accompanying him in 1824 from Saint Louis to Washington, D.C. Before returning home, they diverted to New York City and observed the hero's welcome for Marquis de Lafayette. On Lafayette paid a visit to Saint Louis where William Clark hosted his stay and introduced Radford, none aware that Radford would be a member of the crew sailing Lafayette back to France.
Radford embarked upon another Clark trip to Washington, D.C. in the fall of 1828. An excursion in early January 1829 to visit stepbrother Meriwether Lewis Clark at West Point was abandoned due to ice floes on the Hudson River. After witnessing the inauguration of President Andrew Jackson they returned to Saint Louis.

Mediterranean and West Indies Squadrons

Radford was accepted into the United States Navy as a midshipman. He reported to Captain Charles Morris for duty aboard at Washington Navy Yard. While the ship normally carried only 8 to 10 midshipmen, President Adams appointed a total of 24, at least one from each state, to commemorate the return of Lafayette to France. Radford represented the state of Missouri.
Lafayette was delivered to Le Havre on. From there Brandywine was attached to the Mediterranean Squadron under Commodore John Rodgers. Upon the departure of Brandywine, Radford transferred to to remain in the Mediterranean monitoring the Greek War of Independence and coup against the Janissaries. Rodgers was succeeded by Commodore William Crane. Constitution, in need of major repairs, was recalled to Boston Navy Yard arriving on.
Radford returned to Saint Louis and received orders, to join at Norfolk Naval Shipyard for deployment to the West Indies Squadron commanded by Commodore Charles Ridgely. Radford was promoted to passed midshipman and reported for duty in Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. In September 1831, he requested a six-month leave and was with his mother Harriet when she died, Christmas Day. He was then entered into a furlough due to the general stagnation of naval affairs.
Radford was assigned to the receiving ship at Philadelphia in February 1834. Then in June 1834 he returned to the Mediterranean Squadron aboard as the acting Master. He suffered an attack of cholera in November 1834 and was sent ashore to recover in the south of France. Still afflicted in January 1836, he was in New Orleans, Louisiana and, during October 1836, was recuperating at the home of his uncle William Radford II in Lynchburg, Virginia.
On, Radford was appointed lieutenant. In September he rejoined the West Indies Squadron, reporting to Commodore Alexander Dallas and fighting in the second Seminole War. The maiden voyage of took Radford to Labrador in June 1840. In November, he returned for a third tour with the Mediterranean Squadron, Commodore Isaac Hull in charge. On, due to the Oregon Question, Radford was summoned to New York via Brandywine.
Radford traveled May 1841 to Norfolk for duty on. On, he received as his first command and delivered her from New York to the Rendezvous at New Orleans where she was employed as a receiving ship. Relieved of recruitment detail in August 1843, he was ordered on board the inaugural cruise of where she became the flagship of the Pacific Squadron for Commodore Alexander Dallas.

Pacific Squadron

Radford was attached, to and visited Society Islands, Sandwich Islands and the western coastline of the Americas. Commodore Dallas died at Callao, Peru and was replaced by Commodore John Sloat. Radford's January 1845 letter to brother-in-law Stephen Kearny predicted California "can never be a very densely populated country" and Oregon "is not a very desirable country" yet "we should and ought by rights to have some possessions on the Pacific". He also mentions that "dysentery killed seven of the crew" and that "I was dangerously ill myself".
By May 1845 at Callao, he was again debilitated by dysentery to a degree where ship surgeons recommended he should be removed from the ship "to a more favorable climate". However he remained aboard and, through mid-1845, patrolled the California coast where rumor of war with Mexico was rife.
Reaching Honolulu, orders were received that once Mexico declared war, the squadron should "blockade or occupy such ports as force might permit". Warren set return sail on October 16 to Mazatlán to await the onset of war. Months passed until, when confirmation arrived from William Maxwell Wood that land war had commenced. Warren remained at Mazatlán as the other ships of the squadron captured ports along the California coast, generally with the inhabitants cooperating. English warships, also awaiting news of war, reacted too late to offer their protectorate flags to Mexico.
Warren left Mazatlán with dispatches from Washington, D.C. and arrived at Monterey on, to find Commodore Robert Stockton in charge of the Pacific Squadron. Ordered back to resume the blockade of Mazatlán, Warren arrived early morning of September 7 to find the Mexican warship Malek Adhel in the harbor. Radford commanded the boarding party which inserted during the siesta hour and securely fastened the hatches while the entire crew was below deck. Over the course of the next months, "13 or 14" additional ships were captured by the blockade, eliminating further threat from the Mexican Navy.
Despite the ease of the Conquest of California for the Navy, hostilities continued on land until a flag of truce was delivered by residents of Los Angeles on. General Stephen Kearny paid a visit, to his brother-in-law at Yerba Buena. After nearly four years abroad, Radford was granted leave to depart, for home overland with Kearny and his troops.

New York and East India Squadron

Radford arrived back in Saint Louis on. He was ordered, to testify in the court-martial of John C. Frémont at the Washington Arsenal. A leave was approved, which indicated Radford intended to revisit Mexico with General Kearny but his letter of, was sent from New York requesting a three-month extension. He went to see his cousin William Preston Griffin at Morristown, New Jersey, met Mary Lovell, married her and settled there. He commuted to his assignment at the Rendezvous in New York through.
On, Radford took command of and sailed again to the Pacific Squadron. By March 1852 he arrived in San Francisco where he met with brother John and brother-in-law Benjamin Lovell. On the way home, a letter from his father-in-law Joseph Lovell advised that Radford's infant son, Willie, had died. Detached from Lexington on, Radford returned to Morristown.
For the period 1852 until 1860, Radford was assigned shore duties in New York despite his applications for a command. For three years, he worked at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and witnessed for numerous courts-martial. In June 1855, he was given command of U.S. steamer City of Boston to prevent ships connected with filibustering expeditions from leaving the harbor. On July 20 he was appointed a member of a committee to "examine and report on the different Life Boats." Finally, Radford had a brief stint as Inspector of the Third Lighthouse District. During these years, he again shuttled from his residence in Morristown.
Radford was fortunate to receive a commission as commander. Throughout 1855 and early 1856, promotions were at a standstill in the Navy partly due to the shortage of ships. Many officers were given leave to take command of merchant ships at significantly higher pay. To overcome this quandary, a Naval Retiring Board was formed which upset the older officers but cheered younger members of the service.
He took command of , and sailed to Hong Kong as a unit of the East India Squadron for Commodore Cornelius Stribling. However, after the onset of the Civil War, both Radford and Stribling were relieved of their commands and ordered to return Washington, D.C. despite their declarations of allegiance to the Union. Commodore Samuel Du Pont in Washington, D.C. explained to Radford's wife Mary that, with the number of defections from both the Army and Navy, all officers from slave states must be evaluated for risk. Radford arrived home, seriously ill with smallpox but recovered quickly. After an interview with Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, he was reappointed Inspector of the Third Lighthouse District at New York.

Civil War

On, Radford accepted command of. He was aboard as a member of a Naval Board of Inquiry, when his ship was sunk by the Confederate ram during the Battle of Hampton Roads.
A Naval Board convened in April 1862 at the Naval Academy Preparatory School with Radford as a member. He received,, temporary duty as Executive Officer of Brooklyn Navy Yard under command of Rear Admiral Hiram Paulding. The assignment stretched into almost two years of equipping and fitting-out hundreds of vessels for the Navy. Radford received promotion to captain, and then to commodore.
On, Radford was directed to report to Rear Admiral John Dahlgren at Philadelphia for command of the armored ship. Upon arrival it was determined the ship required repairs so Radford was relieved and ordered to a Naval Board in Washington, D.C. during July 1864. He was recommitted to New Ironsides on, and joined the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron at Hampton Roads. Rear Admiral David Porter assembled a fleet to attack Fort Fisher for the control of Cape Fear River. He placed Radford in command of the Ironclad Division, consisting of flagship New Ironsides,,,, and during attacks on Fort Fisher in December 1864 and in January 1865. David Porter commended Radford's support for the Union forces ashore and eight members of his crew were awarded the Medal of Honor.
New Ironsides sailed, up the James River to Bermuda Hundred to protect the stores of the Army of the Potomac from a threatened raid by Confederate rams during the siege of Petersburg. Radford took charge of the flotilla assembled there and coordinated with Generals Ulysses Grant and Edward Ord. Radford transferred his flag to when New Ironsides was sent to Norfolk Naval yard, for repairs. With the end of war near, Dumbarton departed from the James River, and officers and crew were detached upon arrival at the Washington Navy Yard.
On, Radford sailed from Washington, D.C. up the James River and arrived at City Point, Virginia the next evening. From there, he conveyed Vice President Andrew Johnson and Preston King to Richmond, Virginia and back. President Abraham Lincoln was already in Richmond, unaccompanied by any of his Cabinet, to witness the downfall of the Confederate stronghold. He became agitated about the Johnson and King arrival and ordered Radford to keep both of his passengers elsewhere. While moored for two days, Radford discovered stepbrother Meriwether Clark was a prisoner of war and brought him aboard Phlox to await release.

North Atlantic and European Squadrons

Commodore Radford was appointed, to command the North Atlantic Squadron as Acting Rear Admiral. He transferred his flag, from Phlox to, which remained his flagship during his tenure. He was called, to oversee the Washington Navy Yard. He moved his wife, two daughters and three sons from New Jersey to a Washington, D.C. home in November.
In March 1866, Radford was elected as a companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. He was promoted to rear admiral on.
Radford left Washington, with his family in tow and arrived in New York to embark on to Lisbon, Portugal. After seventeen days of stormy passage, Radford arrived to take charge of the European Squadron and found all attached vessels,,,, and, lying at anchor in the harbor waiting for his orders.
As Radford performed his duties, his family traveled with him on Franklin to Spain, Algiers, France, the Netherlands and Italy. During 1870, the children attended school at Lausanne, Switzerland. A month after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, Radford relinquished his command, to Rear Admiral Oliver Glisson. He travelled to Lausanne to retrieve his children believing any battles would be distant. After arrival in Paris, the surrender of the French Army on, caused the Radford family to flee the advancing Prussian Army. At Havre they negotiated commercial passage to the United States.
Radford was listed by the Navy as retired on. However, from, through the next two years, he served on several Naval Boards of Inquiry chaired by Rear Admiral Joseph Smith, Rear Admiral Theodorus Bailey and Vice Admiral Stephen Rowan.

Marriage and family

Radford married Mary "Minnie" Elizabeth Lovell in St. Peter's Church, Morristown, New Jersey. The ceremony was overcast due to the death of brother-in-law Stephen Kearny a few days before. The Radfords resided on Mount Kemble Avenue for almost twenty years in a house previously owned by John Doughty.
Children of William and Elizabeth were: Mary Lovell Radford; William Radford; Sophie Adelaide Radford; Stephen Kearny Radford; George Reginald Radford; Edmund Ironsides Radford; and Henry Carlton Radford.
Daughter Sophie became a writer including a play produced on Broadway and her father's biography Old Naval Days.
Son George Reginald and grandson William Radford Coyle married sisters. Mary and Jane Dodson respectively were daughters of Weston Dodson, founder of Weston Dodson & Company in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Coyle served three terms from Pennsylvania as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Granddaughter Mary Lovell Radford, on during World War I, launched, a named for her grandfather.
Granddaughter Edith Lovell Coyle married François E. Matthes. On during World War II, she launched the, a in the United States Navy named for her grandfather.
Great-granddaughter Rosemary Radford Ruether pioneered feminist theology.

Legacy

When the Brandywine arrived in France in 1825, Radford purchased a set of dining room chairs which he shipped back to the Clark household in St. Louis, Missouri. The Clark family referred to them as the "Lafayette Chairs" per the trip's famous passenger.
Radford, as a witness, signed at least three treaties between the United States and Indian nations. He had attended the ceremonies with stepfather William Clark, who was serving as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.
Radford built an elegant Victorian mansion during 1875 at 1736 N Street NW in the DuPont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It is now the General Federation of Women's Clubs Headquarters.
Two ships of the U.S. Navy were named in his honor.