World Sculling Championship


The World Sculling Championship, evolved from the Championship of the Thames for professional scullers.
Only the sport of boxing claims an older Championship of the World. It is notable that Jack Broughton, the "Father of Boxing", trained scullers for prize contests which had their roots in wager races which had taken place from the middle of the 18th century on the Thames.

History

The first race for the Professional Championship of the Thames took place between Westminster and Hammersmith, on the River Thames in London in September 1831, when John Williams of Waterloo Bridge challenged Charles Campbell of Westminster for the Sculling Championship of the Thames. This was just over a year after the first Wingfield Sculls race for the Amateur Championship of the Thames had been held.
The race was initially dominated by oarsmen from the Thames, but a fierce rivalry soon arose between Newcastle and London after the famous Tyne sculler, Robert Chambers became the first non-Londoner to secure the title in 1859.
In 1863 the race became for the Championship of the World. when it had its first non-British entrant, Australian Richard A W Green. Green lost to Chambers but changes were afoot and as an increasing number of professional scullers from Australia; the USA and Canada started to compete, Britain lost its dominance, failing to secure a win between 1876 and 1920. For details of the subsequent English Championship only see English Sculling Championship.
The first overseas sculler to claim the title, was Australian Edward Trickett, who won his first race in June 1876, Trickett held the title for the next two races, both of which were held on his home river, the Parramatta. Trickett eventually lost out to Canadian Ned Hanlan, in 1880 on the Championship Course on the Thames. This course was over a distance of a little over four miles but for other races on other courses there was no set distance. These other courses varied between three and five miles approximately.
Professional sculling saw a marked downturn with each of the world wars. Although a few races were held after the 2nd World War, they failed to arouse the interest of the public or attract the standard of competitor seen in the earlier years of the Championship, and as the amateur / professional split in rowing was slowly abolished, the race died out. The Title lapsed in 1958 when Evans Fischer retired undefeated.
The 1908 World Title race was commemorated in December 2008 when Olympic champion Olaf Tufte defeated three time World Champion Mahé Drysdale and wild card race winner Hamish Bond on New Zealand's Whanganui River to take home the $5000 cash prize.

Challenges

A person wanting to become the champion would issue a formal challenge to the existing Champion for a match and would offer a certain sum of money. Sometimes a person would issue a newspaper challenge to the winner of another match and deposit a sum with the paper which would theoretically 'bind' the subsequent match. The stake was not a fixed amount but it had to be high enough to be worth the champion's time and reputation and which would discourage frivolous challenges. Typically the stake would be £100 or £200 a side for a state or national championship and £500 or more each for the world title. Sometimes additional expenses were expected as well. Under the rules such as they were, the Champion would have three months to accept the challenge or else forfeit the match in favour of the challenger.
The challenger and Champion, or their agents, discussed the 'terms' and came to an agreement. Sometimes challenges failed at this stage as there was no agreement or the challenger was unable to raise the money. Once the challenge was accepted the 'articles' would be drawn up and signed by the contestants and witnessed. The articles would state where and when the match was to be held, who the umpire was to be, how much the stake per side was to be and when it was to be paid in, and who the literal stake-holder was to be, and a few other details. From time to time it was agreed that the loser would receive some money as expenses which at least prevented a total loss. The stake-holder was often the Editor of a newspaper. The race was then supposed to run within another six months.
Seldom did challengers or Champions have to put up their own money in these sorts of competitions. The normal arrangement was that wealthy backers would put up the money. The backers were usually syndicates of gambling men. The backers of the winner of the match got their money back, and collected any other bets placed, but the winning man personally got the money put up from the backers of the loser. Side-bets between the actual contestants themselves were not unknown. Contestants were also often rewarded by splitting the 'gate.' i.e. the profit from sales of boat tickets and souvenirs. The nature of sculling meant that not all spectators could be charged to see the race but a split of sixty-forty to the winner was common.

Betting

Professional scullers tended to attract more media attention than the crews, since their individuality gave the media and public a greater chance of recognition. "The Aquatic Oracle" published in London in 1852 lists hundreds and hundreds of professional races from 1835 to 1851 between watermen. While many were for small sums of money it gives an indication of the extent of the activity. Betting on races was widespread and in the late 19th century, sculling or wager racing was perhaps the greatest spectator sport in London at the time. Many tens of thousands of spectators attended each race. By the turn of the century prize money had become so great that some scullers made up to nearly £5,000 a year in prizes and side bets, and £2,000 for a race.
Betting was simplified by recourse to past performances and present form would be followed by hordes of spectators at training sessions.

Boats

The very earliest races were informal events between working watermen who raced in their everyday work boat or wherry. These rowing boats were used to carry passengers and goods from one part of the river to another. As
racing became more formalised the work boats were superseded by specialist racing craft. Several technical developments assisted in this transformation from the job of waterman to the sport of rowing. These were;
the development of light weight boats built solely for racing.
the outrigger which placed the oar's pivot point outside the boat allowing for more leverage.
the swivelling rowlock, and
the sliding seat which also allowed for more oar movement.
These developments greatly increased the average speed of racing. Generally in contemporary reports these types of boats were referred to as "outriggers," "best and best," or "wager boats."

Fouls

A foul is the touching of any part of an opponent's boat or sculls by any part of your own boat or sculls. In the early days of professional rowing, fouling an opponent was an accepted part of the game as a contestant would often deliberately foul to gain an advantage. As racing boats became lighter and frailer this practise became less and less accepted and was finally done away with as actual rowing skill was counted as more important than disabling the opposition.
Later title or money matches outlawed fouling and generally the man doing the fouling lost the match. However, because contestants faced the opposite way to the way the boat travelled, accidental fouls sometimes occurred particularly as races were often held on rivers that had bends in them. No lanes were marked out as in modern courses and in a close race a foul could happen as both men tried to get around the bend as quickly as possible. It was not unknown for a contestant to engineer a foul against himself to thereby try to win the race.
In most matches an umpire or referee would rule on these sorts of fouls as to whose fault it was, usually at the time, but sometimes only after the race had finished. From time to time he would decide that the foul was accidental with no advantage to either sculler, and would order the men to continue racing. Many races were decided on fouls rather than who was the better sculler and many men felt hard done by when the decision went against them. The umpire's decision was final.

Results

YearDateChampionBeatTimeCourse
1831 9 Sep Charles Campbell John Williams NTT Thames
1838 1 Nov Charles Campbell Robert Coombes 42 mins Thames
1846 19 Aug Robert Coombes Charles Campbell 26 mins 15secs Thames
1847 19 Sep Robert Coombes Robert Newell 23 mins 46 sec Thames
1851 7 May Robert Coombes Thomas J MacKinney 27 mins 30 secs Thames
1852 24 May Tom Cole Robert Coombes 25 mins 15 secs Thames
1852 14 Oct Tom Cole Robert Coombes 23 mins 35 secs Thames
1854 20 Nov James Messenger Tom Cole 24 mins 45 secs Thames
1857 12 May Harry Kelley James Messenger 24 mins 30 secs Thames
1859 20 SepRobert Chambers Harry Kelley 25 mins 25 sec Thames
1860 18 SepRobert Chambers Tom White 23 mins 25 sec Thames
1863 14 AprRobert Chambers George W Everson 25 mins 27 sec Thames
1863 16 JunRobert Chambers Richard A W Green 25 mins 35 secs Thames
1865 8 Aug Harry Kelley Robert Chambers 23 mins 23 secs Thames
1866 4 Jul Harry Kelley James Hammill 32 mins 45 secs Tyne
1866 22 NovRobert Chambers Joseph Sadler 25 mins 4 secs Thames
1868 6 May Harry Kelley Robert Chambers 31 mins 47 secs Tyne
1868 17 Nov James Renforth Harry Kelley 23 mins 15secs Thames
1874 16 Apr Joseph Sadler Robert Bagnall 24 mins 15 secs Thames
1875 15 Nov Joseph Sadler Robert W Boyd 28 mins 5 secs Thames
1876 27 JunEdward Trickett Joseph Sadler 24 mins 35 secs Thames
1877 30 JunEdward Trickett Michael Rush 23 mins 27secs Parramatta, Sydney
1879 29 AugEdward Trickett Elias C. Laycock 23 mins 29 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1880 15 NovEdward Hanlan Edward Trickett 26 mins 12 secs Thames
1881 14 FebEdward Hanlan Elias C. Laycock 25 mins 49 secs Thames
1882 3 AprEdward Hanlan Robert W Boyd 21 mins 25 secs Tyne
1882 1 MayEdward HanlanEdward Trickett 28 mins Thames
1883 30 MayEdward HanlanJohn A Kennedy 19 min 4 secPoint of Pines, Boston USA
1883 18 JulyEdward HanlanWallace Ross 27 min 57.5 secs Odensberg, New York, USA
1884 22 MayEdward Hanlan Elias C. Laycock 22 mins 46 secs Nepean, Sydney
1884 16 Aug Bill Beach Edward Hanlan 20 mins 28 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1885 28 Feb Bill Beach Thomas Clifford 26 mins 1 sec Parramatta, Sydney
1885 28 Mar Bill Beach Edward Hanlan 22 mins 51 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1885 18 Dec Bill Beach Neil Matterson 24 mins 11 sec Parramatta, Sydney
1886 18 Sep Bill Beach Jake Gaudaur Snr. 22 mins 29 sec Thames
1886 25 Sep Bill Beach Wallace Ross 23 min 5 sec Thames
1887 26 Nov Bill Beach Edward Hanlan 19 mins 25 sec Nepean, Sydney
1888 11 Feb Peter Kemp Thomas Clifford 23 mins 27secs Parramatta, Sydney
1888 5 May Peter Kemp Edward Hanlan 21 mins 36 sec Parramatta, Sydney
1888 28 Sep Peter Kemp Edward Hanlan 21 mins 25 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1888 27 Oct Henry Ernest Searle Peter Kemp 22 mins 44 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1889 9 Sep Henry Ernest Searle William Joseph O'Connor 22 mins 42 sec Thames
1890 25 Apr Peter Kemp Neil Matterson 21 mins 13 sec Parramatta, Sydney
1890 15 May Peter Kemp John McLean 21 mins 45 sec Parramatta, Sydney
1890 15 Dec John McLean Peter Kemp 22 mins 13 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1891 28 Apr Jim Stanbury * John McLean 22 mins 15 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1891 7 Jul Jim Stanbury * John McLean 18 mins 25 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1892 2 May Jim Stanbury * Tom Sullivan 17 mins 26 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1896 13 Jul Jim Stanbury * Charles R. Harding 21 mins 51 secs Thames
1896 7 SepJake Gaudaur Snr. Jim Stanbury 23 mins 1 sec Thames
1898 4 JulJake Gaudaur Snr. Robert Johnston 20 mins 25 sec Vancouver Harbour
1901 7 Sep George Towns Jake Gaudaur Snr. 20 mins 30 sec Lake of the Woods, Ontario
1904 30 Jul George Towns Richard Tresidder 21 mins 28 sec Parramatta, Sydney
1905 22 Jul Jim Stanbury * George Towns 19 mins 4 sec Parramatta, Sydney
1906 28 Jul George Towns Jim Stanbury 19 mins 53 sec Parramatta, Sydney
1907 2 Mar George Towns Edward Durnan 22 mins 27 secs Nepean, Sydney
1907 3 Aug William Webb Charles Towns 20 mins 35 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1908 25 Feb William Webb Richard Tresidder 20 mins 28 secs Wanganui, New Zealand
1908 15 Dec Richard Arnst William Webb 19 mins 51 secs Wanganui, New Zealand
1909 21 Jun Richard Arnst William Webb 18 mins 15 secs Wanganui, New Zealand
1910 4 Apr Richard Arnst George Whelch 21 mins 51 secs Akaroa Harbour, New Zealand
1910 18 Aug Richard Arnst Ernest Barry 20 mins 14 secs Zambezi River, Northern Rhodesia
1911 29 Jul Richard Arnst Harry Pearce 19 mins 46 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1912 29 Jul Ernest Barry Richard Arnst 23 mins 8 secs Thames
1912 14 Oct Ernest Barry Edward Durnan 22 mins 31 secs Thames
1913 21 Jul Ernest Barry Harry Pearce 24 mins 9 secs Thames
1914 7 Sep Ernest Barry Jim Paddon 21 mins 28 sec Thames
1919 27 Oct Alf Felton Ernest Barry 25 mins 40 secs Thames
1920 31 Aug Ernest Barry Alf Felton 24 mins 32 sec Parramatta, Sydney
1921 11 Jun Richard Arnst Pat Hannan 22 mins 34 sec Wairau, New Zealand
1922 5 JanDarcy Hadfield Richard Arnst 19 mins 46 secs Wanganui, New Zealand
1922 18 Apr Jim Paddon Darcy Hadfield 19 mins 19 secs Wanganui, New Zealand
1923 21 Jul Jim Paddon Darcy Hadfield 19 mins 46 secs Richmond
1924 12 Aug Jim Paddon Alf Felton 17 mins 55 secs Brisbane
1924 20 Sep Jim Paddon Major Goodsell 17 mins 7 secs Richmond
1925 21 Mar Major Goodsell Bill McDevitt 22 mins 20 secs Clarence
1925 27 Jun Major Goodsell Pat Hannan 21 mins 31 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1925 7 Nov Major Goodsell Jim Paddon 22 mins 50 secs Parramatta, Sydney
1926 3 May Major Goodsell Tom Saul 23 mins 11 sec Parramatta, Sydney
1927 5 Sep Major Goodsell Bert Barry 24 mins 13 secs Burrand Inlet, Vancouver
1927 6 Dec Bert Barry Major Goodsell 21 mins 40 secs Burrand Inlet, Vancouver
1930 31 May Ted Phelps Bert Barry 22 mins 45 secs Thames
1930 11 Oct Ted Phelps Bert Barry 22 mins 48 secs Thames
1932 5 Sep Ted Phelps Major Goodsell 17 mins 2 secs Long Beach, California
1933 1 Sep Bobby Pearce Ted Phelps 19 mins 26 secs Lake Ontario,
1934 5 Sep Bobby Pearce W G Miller 19 mins 52 secs Toronto
1938 9 Sep Bobby Pearce Evans Paddon 20 mins 35 secs Toronto
194820 NovEvans Paddon Max Fisher 17 mins 20 secsParramatta, Sydney
19497 MayGeorge Cook Evans Paddon 15 mins 09 secsEvans River
195022 AprilEvans Paddon George Cook 21 mins 58 secsEvans River
19525 AprilJim Saul Evans Paddon 20 min 33 secsRichmond River
1952Sept 13thEvans Paddon Jim Saul 21 min 50 secsRichmond River
195313 JuneEvans Fischer Evans Paddon 20 min 55 secsRichmond River
19547 AugEvans Fischer Evans Paddon 20 min 57 secsClarence River
195725 MayEvans Fischer Evans Paddon 20 min 46 secsClarence River

Notes:
  1. Bill Beach, Bobby Pearce and Evans Fischer all retired undefeated.
  2. James Renforth died while champion. Sadler later rowed for an open title.
  3. Peter Kemp gained the title twice other than by races; once by formal forfeit from Beach, once upon the death of H Searle.
  4. Richard Arnst gained the title once other than by a race; on the forfeiture of E Barry.
  5. Charles Towns ad Bill McDevitt both held the title by the forfeiture of George Towns and Jim Paddon respectively. Neither successfully defended it.
  6. R Chambers & E Paddon either gained the title once each by forfeit, or alternatively, one of their races was for an open title after the retirement of the holder.