World number 1 ranked male tennis players


World number 1 ranked male tennis players is a year-by-year listing of the male tennis players who were, at the end of each calendar year, at that time, generally considered to be the best overall for that entire calendar year. The runner-up for each year is also listed as is a summary of the reasons why both were ranked as such, which includes the performance of the players in major tennis tournaments of the particular year, and the tennis ranking authorities which provided rankings.

Rankings before 1973

Before the open era of tennis arrived in 1968, rankings for amateur players were generally compiled only for a full year of play. Professional players were ranked by journalists, promoters, and players' associations usually at the end of the year. Even for amateurs, however, there was no single official overall ranking that encompassed the entire world. Instead, nation rankings were done by the national tennis association of each country, and world rankings were the preserve of tennis journalists. It was only with the introduction of computerized rankings in the open era that rankings were issued more frequently than once yearly. Even the end-of-year amateur rankings issued by official organizations such as the United States Lawn Tennis Association were based on judgments made by men and women and not on mathematical formulas assigning points for wins or losses.
In 1938, for instance, when Don Budge won the amateur Grand Slam, it was easy to conclude that Budge was not only the U.S. No. 1 but also the world No. 1 amateur player. It was far more difficult, however, to decide who was the best overall player, amateur or professional, for that year because both Ellsworth Vines and Fred Perry, now professionals, were still at the top of their form.
In 1946 Bobby Riggs, a professional, had established himself as the best player in the world. In 1947, he was still the best professional player but Jack Kramer as an amateur player won Wimbledon and the U.S. Championships. Kramer, having turned professional in November after the amateur Pacific Coast Championships, met Riggs three times in late December on fast indoor courts and Riggs won twice. But at the end of their long series of matches in May 1948, Kramer had led Riggs decisively in head-to-head meetings.
1948 was the last year in which an amateur player turned professional and then went on to beat the defending professional champion.
Even here, however, some years present difficulties. Kramer was perhaps the world's best player in 1950 and 1951 when he crushed first Pancho Gonzales and then Pancho Segura in head-to-head tours but was dominated in tournaments by those same players. In 1952, there was no long, headline tour. Instead, there were short tours between different players and several professional tournaments, with the result that none of the professionals played extensively. The short-lived Professional Lawn Tennis Association published an end-of-the-year list in which Segura was ranked the best player in the world, with Gonzales second. During the year, however, Gonzales had defeated Segura 4 matches to 1. Segura had also won a number of important tournaments.
The following year, 1953, Kramer narrowly defeated the top amateur-turned-professional, Frank Sedgman, in their tour during the first half of the year and so reestablished himself as world No. 1, at least for that period. But then, because of injuries, he did not play the second half of the year. As a result, Kramer was now in semi-retirement.
In 1954, there were a number of round-robins tournaments as well as shorter tours, from which it is clear that Gonzales had now established himself as the best player in the world, the first year in a run of seven consecutive years as the world No. 1. But, given the spotty and often contradictory record-keeping of the professional results since 1926, it is frequently difficult to make a clear, objective judgment as to who was the best player in any number of years.

Professional tennis in Europe before 1926

There were numerous teaching professionals, that is, players who gave lessons for money at private clubs and public parks. Because they accepted money in return for their services, they were not allowed to participate in amateur tournaments. They did, however, create a number of relatively small professional tournaments for players like themselves, primarily in Europe.
Some of the oldest professional matches known are those between Irish player George Kerr and American Tom Pettitt. In 1889, Kerr beat Pettitt three times in four meetings. In June 1890, Kerr won all three matches against Pettitt in Dublin.
In April 1898, a professional, round-robin tournament was played in Paris on covered courts. Both Thomas Burke from Ireland and Kerr defeated Tom Fleming, and Burke defeated Kerr in five sets.
During the 1900 Paris Exhibition, a professional tournament was held on clay, with Burke finishing ahead of both Kerr and the Englishman Charles Hierons.
In the spring of 1903 in Nice on clay, Reginald Doherty, the leading amateur, defeated the leading professional, Burke, in four sets.
Burke was reportedly as good a player as the leading amateurs. Charles Haggett was the best English teaching professional during the early 20th century. In 1913, Haggett settled in the United States, invited by the West Side Tennis Club of Forest Hills, New York and became the coach of the American Davis Cup team. In practice matches, he beat the leading amateurs Anthony Wilding, Wimbledon winner and Maurice McLoughlin, Wimbledon All Comer's winner.
In the 1920s, Karel Koželuh, Albert Burke, and Roman Najuch were probably the most notable, as well as the best, of these players. The Bristol Cup, held at Beaulieu or at Cannes on the French Riviera and won seven consecutive times by Koželuh, was "the world's only significant pro tennis tournament." Koželuh went on to become one of the best of the touring professionals in the 1930s. He and Burke, however, were not listed among the top players before 1928, as this was the first year when a ranking was published for all the top players, amateur and professional. All top 10 rankings for the years before 1928 were for amateurs only.

The major professional tournaments before 1968

Tradition on the pro circuit was non-existent before 1968 because the event hierarchy could change each year. Some major tournaments, however, stood out at different times.
Elite events that lasted only a few years included:
TournamentYears
Bristol Cup1920s
Queen's Club Pro1928
Bonnardel Cup1930s
World Professional Championships in Berlin1932–1933
International Pro Championship of Britain1935–1939
U.S Pro hardcourt1945
Philadelphia Indoor Pro1950–1952
Australian Pro1954, 1957–1958
Tournament of Champions1956–1959
Masters Pro Round Robin1957–1958
Kramer Cup1961–1963
Madison Square Garden Pro1966, 1967
Wimbledon Pro1967

Three major tournaments held a certain tradition and usually had the best of the leading players. They were called "Championship Tournaments." The most prestigious of the three was generally the London Indoor Professional Championship. Played between 1934 and 1990 at Wembley Arena in the United Kingdom, the tournament was unofficially and usually considered the world's championship until 1967. The oldest of the three was the United States Professional Championship, usually called the U.S. Pro, played between 1927 and 1999. Between 1954 and 1962 it was played indoors in Cleveland and was called the World Professional Championships. The third major tournament was the French Professional Championship, played between 1934 and 1968, generally at Roland Garros. The British and American championships continued into the open era but devolved to the status of minor tournaments. The winner and runner-up in each of these tournaments will be shown for the years in which they were played.
These three tournaments through 1967 are sometimes referred to as the professional Grand Slam tournaments by tennis historians. In any particular year, another tournament, such as the Forest Hills Pro or the Masters Pro, could have had a better field. But over the decades, these were the three "majors" that all professional players sought.

Discrepancies in source material

The occasional lack of authoritative material about the early years of the professional players is an issue that complicates the creation of reliable rankings. For instance, the very existence of the 1936 and 1938 Wembley tournament is in question. Two sources, Collins and McCauley, give results for the Wembley tournament in each year. Bowers, however, is adamant that neither took place and offers some evidence to support his view.
In 1947 Collins said that Riggs beat Budge in a tour; McCauley said that there was no long tour, only a short one between Riggs and Frank Kovacs. Tom LeCompte says that there was a small tour with Riggs overcoming Budge 12–6 followed by the short Riggs-Kovacs tour.
Other examples : the French Pro until 1933. McCauley says that the first year of the French Pro is unknown but begins his list in 1930 whereas Ray Bowers doesn't talk about any French Pro before 1934. For example, in 1933, the supposed Tilden-Cochet final listed by McCauley was just according to Bowers a singles match of a USA-France meeting at Roland Garros.

The world No. 1 and No. 2 rankings

Before 1973, there were no computer-based rankings based on the points players obtained for achieving a certain level of performance in particular tournaments, but only journalists or officials or promoters or players themselves who listed their own annual rankings. In some years, however, only a small number of journalists or players released rankings at the end of the tennis year. For these years, rankings done by tennis historians or sports statisticians well after the tennis year ended are considered in the determination of which players are ranked No. 1 and No. 2.
In 1973 the ATP listed its own rankings every fortnight and some years later every week but they had many imperfections because in the seventies and the eighties they did not take into account such events as the Davis Cup, the WCT Finals and the Masters. Currently, the ATP does award points for what is now called the ATP Finals.. As well, the ATP point rankings did not award the Grand Slam tournaments which most often attracted the most top-ranked players in the world and, therefore, were the most valuable to win in the minds of both players and tennis journalists, a number of points commensurate with their importance. As well, some events which did not attract many or even a couple top-ranked players but offered high prize money were worth a higher number of points than their perceived importance.
Therefore, other rankings proposed by tennis experts or by the players themselves could be more accurate because they included these events and adjusted the rankings to reflect the actual importance of particular tournaments. From 1973 to 2006 this list sometimes differs from the ATP list because it shows journalists rankings released at the time and not the computer-based point rankings. In particular, Connors has been ranked No. 1, at the end of the year, from 1974 to 1978 by the ATP but the majority disagreed with the computer rankings: for instance in 1975 leading journalists including John Barrett, Bud Collins, Barry Lorge and Judith Elian ranked Arthur Ashe as the No. 1 in the world while his ATP ranking was only 4th; in 1977, no one, except the ATP ranking, considered that Connors was the best player in the world, and everyone thought that Borg and Vilas were the top two tennis players; and in 1978 everyone and, in particular, the ITF recognized that the Swede was the World Champion. In 1982 and in 1989, respectively, Connors and Becker, both winners of Wimbledon and the US Open, were considered as World Champions even though the ATP ranked McEnroe and Lendl as No. 1 in those years. Since the mid-'90s the ATP rankings had been more or less accepted by many as the official rankings. Finally since 1978 the ITF has designated his World Champion. From 1973 onward, as there is no shortage of rankings that were released by tennis authorities or publications at the end of each tennis year, which reflected the generally agreed upon importance of particular tournaments at the time, later rankings by tennis historians or sports statisticians are not considered in the listing of No. 1 and No. 2 players.
Before 1913 very few sources are available but Richard Yallop in Royal South Yarra Lawn Tennis Club 100 Years in Australian Tennis stated that Norman Brookes was the champion of the world in 1907 and Len and Shelley Richardson in Anthony Wilding A Sporting Life cite the opinions of A. E. Crawley and Anthony Wilding. Other years dating back to 1913 also present difficulties and ambiguities. There are sometimes contradictions between sources regarding the same information.

List of No. 1 and No. 2 ranked players

1877–1912

Early tennis era rankings are more variable in nature due to limited sourcing. Contemporary worldwide rankings do not exist for this period.
A. = Amateur

P. = Professional
YearNumber 1 PlayerRunner-up PlayerSource of ranking
1877Spencer Gore A. Methven Brownlee: Lawn Tennis
Gore is the Wimbledon champion
1878Frank Hadow A. Methven Brownlee: Lawn Tennis
Hadow is the Wimbledon champion
1879John Hartley A. Methven Brownlee: Lawn Tennis
Hartley is the Wimbledon champion
1880John Hartley A. William Renshaw A. Methven Brownlee: Lawn Tennis
Hartley wins the only match he plays, against Lawford in the Wimbledon final.
1881William Renshaw A. Herbert Lawford A. International Tennis Hall of Fame;
R. Osborn, as reported by Tingay in his encyclopedia
William Renshaw is the Irish and Wimbledon champion.
1882William Renshaw A. Ernest Renshaw A. Methven Brownlee: Lawn Tennis
William Renshaw is the Irish and Wimbledon champion, his brother Ernest is the challenger both times.
1883William Renshaw A. Ernest Renshaw A. Methven Brownlee: Lawn Tennis
William Renshaw has won the only singles match he played at Wimbledon against Irish champion Ernest Renshaw.
1884William Renshaw A. Herbert Lawford A. The Pastime classification of British players:
1. W. Renshaw 2. Lawford
William Renshaw has won the only singles match he played at Wimbledon against Irish champion Lawford.
1885William Renshaw A. Herbert Lawford A. The Pastime classification of British players:
1. W. Renshaw 2. Lawford
William Renshaw has won the only singles match he played at Wimbledon against Irish champion Lawford.
1886William Renshaw A. Herbert Lawford A. The Pastime classification of British players:
1. W. Renshaw 2. Lawford
William Renshaw has won the only singles match he played at Wimbledon against Irish champion Lawford.
1887Ernest Renshaw A.
Herbert Lawford A.
International Tennis Hall of Fame; The Pastime classification of British players:
1–2. Lawford, E.Renshaw
Lawford beat Ernest Renshaw at Wimbledon and lost to him at the Irish. Neither of them has shown as good a form as William Renshaw last year who is absent because of injury.
1888Ernest Renshaw A. Willoughby Hamilton A.The Pastime classification of British players:
1. E. Renshaw 2–4. W. Renshaw, Hamilton, Lewis
Ernest Renshaw is the Irish and Wimbledon champion. Hamilton is the Irish challenger, and the Northern England champion.
1889Willoughby Hamilton A.
William Renshaw A.
The Pastime classification of British players:
1–2. W. Renshaw, Hamilton
Hamilton has beaten William Renshaw at the Irish, won the Northern England title as well, but lost at the Wimbledon semis to Harry Barlow.
1890Willoughby Hamilton A.
Joshua Pim A.
The Pastime classification of British players:
1–2. Hamilton, Pim
Hamilton wins Wimbledon, but loses to Pim in Liverpool and Lewis in Dublin.
1891Ernest Lewis A.
Wilfred Baddeley A.
Joshua Pim A.
all 3 ranked equallyInternational Tennis Hall of Fame;, The Pastime classification of British players:
1–3. W. Baddeley, Lewis, Pim
Lewis is the Irish, Baddeley the Wimbledon champion, but they have not met. Both of them have beaten Pim, although Pim also beat Baddeley at the Northern Champ.
1892Ernest Renshaw A.
Wilfred Baddeley A.
The Pastime classification of British players:
1–2. E. Renshaw, W. Baddeley
Ernest Renshaw is the Irish, Baddeley the Wimbledon champion, but they have not met.
1893Joshua Pim A. Wilfred Baddeley A. The Pastime classification of British players:
1. Pim 2. W. Baddeley
Pim wins Wimbledon, the Irish and Northern England titles as well. He twice defeats Baddeley.
1894Joshua Pim A. Wilfred Baddeley A. The Pastime classification of British players:
1. Pim 2. W. Baddeley
Pim defends his Wimbledon and Irish titles. Wilfred Baddeley is the Wimbledon challenger and wins the Northern England title beating Pim and also beats him at an international match.
1895Joshua Pim A.
Wilfred Baddeley A.
The Pastime classification of British players:
1–2. W. Baddeley, Pim
Pim is the Irish champion demolishing Wilberforce Eaves, but is absent from Wimbledon that Baddeley wins from a weaker field narrowly beating Eaves.
1896Wilfred Baddeley A. Harold Mahony A. The Lawn Tennis classification of British players :
1. W. Baddeley scratch 2. Mahony
Baddeley has beaten Mahony both at the Irish and Northern England Championships, but lost to him at Wimbledon. John Pius Boland won the Olympic gold.
1897Reginald Doherty A.Wilberforce Eaves A.
Robert Wrenn A.
all 3 ranked equallyInternational Tennis Hall of Fame; The Lawn Tennis classification of British players :
1. W. Baddeley, R. Doherty, Eaves scratch
US rankings: 1. Wrenn 2. Larned 3. Eaves
Wimbledon champion Doherty was beaten by Irish champ Eaves in Dublin, by Baddeley at the Northern England Championships and by Mahony at the international match, however he has beaten all of them at Wimbledon. Wrenn beats Eaves at the US but loses to Larned in Boston.
1898Reginald Doherty A. Laurence Doherty A. International Tennis Hall of Fame; The Lawn Tennis classification of British players :
1–5. G. Chaytor, L. Doherty, R. Doherty, W. Eaves, S. Smith
Wimbledon champ Reginald Doherty loses to Irish Mahony in Dublin. Laurie Doherty defeats Mahony at Wimbledon, but loses the challenge round to his brother.
1899Reginald Doherty A. Sydney Smith A. The Lawn Tennis classification of British players :
1. R. Doherty scratch 2. S. Smith 1/6
US rankings: 1. Whitman
Reginald Doherty wins both the Wimbledon and the Irish titles and has an unbeaten season. Charles A. Voigt from Boston classified the national champions in this order: R. Doherty, Smith, Whitman. Whitman wins all the important US tournaments, and according to Potter he played magnificently.
1900Reginald Doherty A.
Malcolm Whitman A.
International Tennis Hall of Fame; British author Jackson ranked the British players in the American Outing as follows:
1. R. Doherty 2. Smith 3. Gore
US rankings: 1. Whitman
Doherty wins both the Wimbledon and the Irish titles. Whitman wins all the important US titles and demolishes Gore in Davis Cup. Laurence Doherty won the Olympic gold.
1901Reginald Doherty A.
Arthur Gore A.
William Larned A.
all 3 ranked equallyInternational Tennis Hall of Fame;
Doherty is in poor health and loses his Wimbledon title to Gore. Larned is the best American in the absence of Whitman.
1902Reginald Doherty A.
Laurence Doherty A.
William Larned A.
all 3 ranked equallyThe Lawn Tennis and Croquet classification of British players :
1. L. Doherty, R. Doherty scratch
US rankings: 1. Larned 2. Whitman
Irish and Wimbledon champ Laurence Doherty was not selected for Davis Cup. U.S. champion Larned was 1–1 with Reginald, who did not play singles anymore in England.
1903Laurence Doherty A. William Larned A. Anthony Wilding; DeWitt C. Regrave, Jr. in "World Tennis" November 1955
Laurence Doherty won Wimbledon, the U.S. Championships and Davis Cup. Larned nearly beats Doherty at Davis Cup.
1904Laurence Doherty A. Reginald Doherty A. The Lawn Tennis and Badminton classification of British players :
1. L. Doherty, 2. R. Doherty scratch
US rankings: 1. Ward
Wimbledon champion Laurence Doherty has only one loss at the end of the season.
1905Laurence Doherty A. Beals Wright A. The Lawn Tennis and Badminton classification of British players and the American and Australian visitors:
1. L. Doherty 2. Wright 3. Brookes 4. Smith
US rankings: 1. Wright
Doherty is the Wimbledon champion. US champion Wright twice beats Wimbledon challenger Brookes, but loses to Gore at Wimbledon.
1906Laurence Doherty A. Norman Brookes A.
Doherty is the Wimbledon champion. Brookes has won the Victorian Championships against Wilding but has not played outside Australia.
1907Norman Brookes A. William Larned A. International Tennis Hall of Fame; Richard Yallop
Brookes was undefeated in Great Britain and won there in particular Wimbledon and the Davis Cup preliminary and challenge rounds;
DeWitt C. Regrave, Jr. in "World Tennis" November 1955.
Larned is the U.S. and Boston champion in weak fields.
1908William Larned A. Arthur Gore A.
Larned is the US and Boston and wins his Davis Cup matches. In his book Anthony Wilding judged Brookes the best, however the actual results contradict his assertion. Brookes has lost to US No 2 Wright in Davis Cup and could only narrowly beat Alexander. Gore is the Wimbledon champion in a weak field. Arthur Gore won the Olympic Indoor tennis gold medal, Josiah Ritchie won the Olympic Outdoor tennis gold medal.
1909William Larned A. Anthony Wilding A.
Larned is the US and Boston and wins his Davis Cup matches. Wilding has defeated Brookes at the Victorian Championships.
1910William Larned A. Anthony Wilding A.
Larned is once again US and Boston champ. Wilding wins Wimbledon but Wright nearly beats him in the all-comers’ final.
1911Norman Brookes A.
Anthony Wilding A.
International Tennis Hall of Fame; Anthony Wilding
Wilding has barely defended his Wimbledon title. Brookes has won in Davis Cup and won the Australasian Championships. Larned, suffering from rheumatism, lost to Heath.
In his book Anthony Wilding judged Brookes the best.
1912Anthony Wilding A. Maurice McLoughlin A. A.E. Crawley''' listed the world's ten best singles players in three classes : in the first Brookes and André Gobert the two most brilliant stroke makers; second class Wilding; third class five USA players William Larned, Beals Wright, Maurice McLoughlin, William Clothier, R. Norris Williams and two British players Charles Dixon and Arthur Gore. Yet Crawley conceded that if the world's best were brought together in a round robin tournament on a perfect court, Wilding would win.
Wilding is the Wimbledon champion, but lost on wood to Gobert and Dixon. McLoughlin, who won the US Championship, is undefeated in America in the absence of Larned. The high placement of Brookes cannot be justified this year as he lost a critical Davis Cup match to Parke.

1913–present

From 1913 sources are more detailed and better documented.

Records

Number of times ranked No. 1

TotalWorld Number OneYears
8 years Pancho Gonzales1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960
7 years William Renshaw1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889
7 years Bill Tilden1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1931
7 years Rod Laver1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970
6 years Reginald Doherty1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902
6 years Jack Kramer1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953
6 years Ken Rosewall1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1970
6 years Pete Sampras1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998
6 years Novak Djokovic2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018
5 years Joshua Pim1890, 1891, 1893, 1894, 1895
5 years William Larned1901, 1902, 1908, 1909, 1910
5 years Laurence Doherty1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906
5 years Fred Perry1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1941
5 years Don Budge1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942
5 years Roger Federer2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
5 years Rafael Nadal2008, 2010, 2013, 2017, 2019
4 years Wilfred Baddeley1891, 1892, 1895, 1896
4 years Ellsworth Vines1932, 1935, 1936, 1937
4 years Bobby Riggs1941, 1943–1945, 1946, 1947
4 years Björn Borg1977, 1978, 1979, 1980
3 years Ernest Renshaw1887, 1888, 1892
3 years Anthony Wilding1911, 1912, 1913
3 years Henri Cochet1928, 1929, 1930
3 years Jimmy Connors1974, 1976, 1982
3 years John McEnroe1981, 1983, 1984
3 years Ivan Lendl1985, 1986, 1987
2 years John Hartley1879, 1880
2 years Willoughby Hamilton1889, 1890
2 years Ernest Lewis1890, 1891
2 years Malcolm Whitman1899, 1900
2 years Norman Brookes1907, 1911
2 years Maurice McLoughlin1912, 1914
2 years Bill Johnston1919, 1922
2 years René Lacoste1926, 1927
2 years Pancho Segura1950, 1952
2 years Stan Smith1971, 1972
2 years Stefan Edberg1990, 1991
2 years Lleyton Hewitt2001, 2002
1 year Spencer Gore1877
1 year Frank Hadow1878
1 year Herbert Lawford1887
1 year Wilberforce Eaves1897
1 year Robert Wrenn1897
1 year Arthur Gore1901
1 year Gerald Patterson1919
1 year Jack Crawford1933
1 year John Newcombe1971
1 year Ilie Năstase1973
1 year Arthur Ashe1975
1 year Guillermo Vilas1977
1 year Mats Wilander1988
1 year Boris Becker1989
1 year Jim Courier1992
1 year Andre Agassi1999
1 year Gustavo Kuerten2000
1 year Andy Roddick2003
1 year Andy Murray2016

Leading No. 1 by decade

1870s Spencer Gore1877
1870s Frank Hadow1878
1870s John Hartley1879
1880s William Renshaw1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886
1890s Joshua Pim1890, 1891, 1893, 1894, 1895
1900s Laurence Doherty1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906
1910s Anthony Wilding1911, 1912, 1913
1920s Bill Tilden1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925
1930s Ellsworth Vines1932, 1935, 1936, 1937
1930s Fred Perry1934, 1935, 1936, 1937
1940s Bobby Riggs1941, 1943–1945, 1946, 1947
1950s Pancho Gonzales1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959
1960s Rod Laver1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969
1970s Björn Borg1977, 1978, 1979
1980s John McEnroe1981, 1983, 1984
1980s Ivan Lendl1985, 1986, 1987
1990s Pete Sampras1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998
2000s Roger Federer2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
2010s Novak Djokovic2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018

Age

YoungestWorld Number OneYear
19 years and 38 days Lew Hoad1953

OldestWorld Number OneYear
38 years and 324 days Bill Tilden1931