Writings of Cicero


The writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero constitute one of the most famous bodies of historical and philosophical work in all of classical antiquity. Cicero, a Roman statesman, lawyer, political theorist, philosopher, and Roman constitutionalist, lived in 106–43 BC. He was a Roman senator and consul who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. A contemporary of Julius Caesar, Cicero is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
Cicero is generally held to be one of the most versatile minds of ancient Rome. He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary, distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher. An impressive orator and successful lawyer, Cicero probably thought his political career his most important achievement. Today, he is appreciated primarily for his humanism and philosophical and political writings. His voluminous correspondence, much of it addressed to his friend Atticus, has been especially influential, introducing the art of refined letter writing to European culture. Cornelius Nepos, the 1st-century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters to Atticus contained such a wealth of detail "concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government" that their reader had little need for a history of the period.
During the chaotic latter half of the first century BC, marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed a return to the traditional republican government. However, his career as a statesman was marked by inconsistencies and a tendency to shift his position in response to changes in the political climate. His indecision may be attributed to his sensitive and impressionable personality; he was prone to overreaction in the face of political and private change. "Would that he had been able to endure prosperity with greater self-control and adversity with more fortitude!" wrote C. Asinius Pollio, a contemporary Roman statesman and historian.

Works

Cicero was declared a "virtuous pagan" by the early Church, and therefore many of his works were deemed worthy of preservation. Important Church Fathers such as Saint Augustine and others quoted liberally from his works, e.g. "On the Commonwealth" and "On Laws", as well as Cicero's Latin translation of Plato's Timaeus dialogue. Cicero also articulated an early, abstract conceptualisation of rights, based on ancient law and custom.

Speeches

Of his speeches, eighty-eight were recorded, fifty-two of which survive today. Some of the items below include more than one speech.
;Legal speeches
Several of Cicero's speeches are printed, in English translation, in the Penguin Classics edition Murder Trials. These speeches are included:
;Political speeches
;;Early career
;;Mid career
;;Late career
.

Rhetoric and politics

Cicero's letters to and from various public and private figures are considered some of the most reliable sources of information for the people and events surrounding the fall of the Roman Republic. While 37 books of his letters have survived into modern times, 35 more books were known to antiquity that have since been lost. These included letters to Caesar, to Pompey, to Octavian, and to his son Marcus.
Several works extant through having been included in influential collections of Ciceronian texts exhibit such divergent views and styles that they have long been agreed by experts not to be authentic works of Cicero. They are also never mentioned by Cicero himself, nor any of the ancient critics or grammarians who commonly refer to and quote passages from Cicero's authentic works.

Philippics

2003. Ramsay, J. Cicero: Philippics I-II. Cambridge University Press.
2012. Manuwald, G. Cicero, "Philippics" 3-9: Edited with Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Volume 1: Introduction, Text and Translation, References and Indexes. Volume 2: Commentary. De Guyter.

Pro Sestio

2006. Kaster, R.A. Cicero: Speech on Behalf of Publius Sestius. Oxford University Press.

Selected Orations

1993. Gotoff. H. Cicero's Caesarian Speeches: A Stylistic Commentary. University of North Carolina Press.2009. Zetzel. J. Marcus Tullius Cicero: Ten Speeches. Hackett Publishing.
2001. Siani-Davies. M. Cicero's Speech Pro Rabirio Postumo. Clarendon Press.
2011. Gildenhard. I. Cicero, Against Verres, 2.1.53-86: Latin Text with Introduction, Study Questions, Commentary and English Translation. Open Book Publishers.

De Re Publica

1928. De Re Publica, De Legibus. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. Latin text and English translation by Clinton Walker Keyes.
1980. Bréguet, E. La République. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France..
1984. Büchner, K. De Re Publica. Heidelberg: Winter. Wissenschaftliche Kommentare zu griechischen und lateinischen Schriftstellern.
1995. Zetzel, J. De Re Publica. Selections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Edited with Introduction and Commentary.
2006. Powell. J.G.F. De Re Publica, De Legibus, Cato Maior De Senectute, Laelius De Amicitia. New York: Oxford University Press.
2008. Powell J. and N. Rudd.The Republic, the Laws. New York: Oxford University Press. Oxford World's Classics.
2010. Nickel. R. Der Staat = De Re Publica. Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler. Lateinisch-Deutsch.

De legibus

1928. Keyes. C.W. De Re Publica, De Legibus. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library.
1959. Plinval. G de.Traité Des Lois. Paris Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France.
1972. Kenter, L. P. De Legibus. A Commentary on Book I. Amsterdam: Hakkert. By L. P. Kenter. Translation from the Dutch by Margie L. Leenheer-Braid.
1983. Giraret, K. M. Die Ordnung Der Welt. Ein Beitrag Zur Philosophischen Und Politischen Interpretation Von Ciceros Schrift De Legibus. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
1994. Nickel, R. De Legibus = Über Die Gesetze; Paradoxa Stoicorum = Stoische Paradoxien. Zürich: Artemis & Winkler. Lateinisch-Deutsch. Herausgegeben.
1999. Zetzel, J. On the Commonwealth; on the Laws. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2004. Dyck, A. A Commentary on Cicero, De Legibus. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2007. Sauer, J. Argumentations- Und Darstellungsformen Im Ersten Buch Von Ciceros Schrift De Legibus. Heidelberg: Winter.
2010. Caspar, T. W. Recovering the Ancient View of Founding. A Commentary on Cicero's De Legibus. Lanham: Lexington Books.

Paradoxa Stoicorum

1971. Molager, J. Les Paradoxes Des Stoïciens. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France.
1991. Ronnick, M. V. Paradoxa Stoicorum. A Commentary, an Interpretation, and a Study of Its Influence. Bern: Peter Lang.
1994. Nickel, R. De Legibus = Über Die Gesetze; Paradoxa Stoicorum = Stoische Paradoxien. Zürich: Artemis & Winkler. Lateinisch-Deutsch. Herausgegeben.

Hortensius

1958. Ruch, M. L' Hortensius. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection d'études anciennes.
1962. Grilli, A. Hortensius. Milano: Istituto editoriale Cisalpino.
1976. Staume-Zimmermann, L. Hortensius. Bern: Peter Lang. Europäische Hochschulschriften. Reihe XV, Klassische Philologie und Literatur.

De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum

1914. Rackham, H. De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. Latin text and English translation revised in 1951.
1928. Levy, C. and J. Martha. Des Termes Extrêmes Des Biens Et Des Maux. Paris: Belles Lettres.
1988. Gigon O. and L. Straume-Zimmermann. Über Die Ziele Des Menschlichen Handelns = De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum. München: Artemis.
1991. Wright, M.R. On Stoic Good and Evil: De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum, Liber Iii; and Paradoxa Stoicorum. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.
1998. Reynolds, L.D. De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum: Libri Quinque. New York: Clarendon Press.
2001. Annas, J. and R. Woolf. On Moral Ends. Cambridge: Cambridger University Press.
2005. Moreschini, C. De Finibus Bonorum Et Malorum. Munich: Teubner.

Tusculanae Disputationes

1927. King, J.E. Tusculanae Disputationes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library.
1930. Fohlen, G. and J. Humbert. Tusculanes. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France. Tome I: Livres I et II ; Tome II. Livre III-V.
1952. Büchner, K. Gespräche in Tusculum. Zürich: Artemis.
1985. Douglas, A.E. Tusculan Disputations. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press.
1998. Gigon, O. Gespräche in Tusculum = Tusculanae Disputationes. München: Artemis und Winkler.
2002. Graver, M. Cicero on the Emotions. Tusculan Disputations 3 and 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2006. Koch, B. Philosophie Als Medizin Für Die Seele. Untersuchungen Zu Ciceros Tusculanae Disputationes. Stuttgart: Steiner.
2007. Gildenhard, I. Paideia Romana. Cicero's Tusculan Disputations. Cambridge: Cambridge Philological Society.
2008. Eckhard, L. Philosophie Unter Der Tyrannis. Ciceros Tusculanae Disputationes. Heidelberg: Winter.

Academica

1970. Ruch, M. Academica Posteriora. Liber Primus. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Érasme.
1988. Hunt, T. J. A Textual History of Cicero's Academici Libri. Leiden: Brill.
1995. Schäublin, C. Akademische Abhandlungen. Lucullus. Hamburg: F. Meiner. Einleitung von Andreas Graeser und Christoph Schäublin. Anmerkungen von Andreas Bächli und Andreas Graeser.
1998. Haltenhoff, A. Kritik Der Akademischen Skepsis. Ein Kommentar Zu Cicero, Lucullus 1-62. Bern: Peter Lang.
2006. Brittain, C. On Academic Scepticism. Indianapolis: Hackett.

Translation of Plato's ''Timaeus''

1908. Plasberg, O. M. Tulii Ciceronis Paradoxa stoicorum, Academicorum, Reliquiae cum Lucullo, Timaeus, ND, De divinatione, De fato. Leipzig..
1975. Giomini, R. De Divinatione, De Fato, Timaeus. Teubner. Leipzig.

De Natura Deorum

1933. Rackham, H. De Natura Deorum; Academica. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library.
1955. Pease, A.S. De Natura Deorum. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Two volumes: 1, 2. Reprint: New York, Arno Press, 1979.
1986. van den Bruwaene, M. De Natura Deorum: Tables. Latomus no. 192:1–173.
1996. Gigon O. und L. Straume-Zimmermann Vom Wesen Der Götter: Lateinisch-Deutsch. Zürich: Artemis und Winkler.
1997. Walsh, P.G. The Nature of the Gods. New York: Oxford University Press.
2002. Auvray-Assayas, C. La Nature Des Dieux. Paris: Belles Lettres.
2003. Dyck, A. De Natura Deorum. Liber I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

De Divinatione

1920. Pease, A.S. De Divinatione; Liber Primvs-Secvndvs. Urbana: University of Illinois.Two volumes: 1 ; 2. Reprint: New York, Arno Press, 1979.
1923. Falconer, W.A. De Senectute; De Amicitia; De Divinatione. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library.
1991. Schäublin, C. Über Die Wahrsagung = De Divinatione : Lateinisch-Deutsch. München: Artemis und Winkler.
1992. Freyburger, G. and J. Scheid. De La Divination. Paris: Belles Lettres.
2004. Kany-Turpin, J. De La Divination = De Divinatione. Paris: Flammarion.
2006. De François, G. Le De Diuinatione De Cicéron Et Les Théories Antiques De La Divination. Bruxelles: Éditions Latomus.
2006. Wardle, D. Cicero on Divination. De Divinatione, Book 1. New York: Oxford University Press.

De Fato

1933. Yon, A. Traité Du Destin. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France.
1963. Bayer, K. De Fato. Über Das Fatum. Lateinisch-Deutsch. München: Heimeran-Verlag.
1991. Sharples, R.W. On Fate / Cicero. & the Consolation of Philosophy : Iv.5-7, V / Boethius. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.
2008. Schallenberg, M. Freiheit Und Determinismus. Ein Philosophischer Kommentar Zu Ciceros Schrift De Fato. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

De Senectute and De Amicitia (Laelius)

1876. Müller, C.F.W. and M. Seyffert. Laelius; De Amicita Dialogus. Hildesheim: Georg Olms 1965. Reprografischer Nachdruck der Ausgabe Leipzig, 1876.
1923. Falconer, W.A. De Senectute; De Amicitia; De Divinatione. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library.
1967. Steinmetz, F-A. Die Freundschaftslehre Des Panaitos. Nach Einer Analyse Von Ciceros Laelius De Amicitia. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner.
1972. Ruch, M. De Senectute. Paris: Bordas.
1988. Powell, J.G.F. Cato Maior De Senectute. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1989. Wuilleumier, P. Caton L'ancien . Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France.
1990. Powell, J.G.F. On Friendship and the Dream of Scipio. Warminster: Arts and Phillips.
1998. Merklin, H. Cato Maior De Senectute = Cato Der Ältere Über Das Alter. Lateinisch-Deutsch. Stuttgart: Reclam.

De Officiis

1913. Miller, W. De Officiis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library.
1965. Testard, M. Les Devoirs. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France. 2 volumes: 1 ; 2.
1967. Higginbotham, J. On Moral Obligation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1991. Griffin, M.T. and Atkins, M. On Duties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1994. Winterbottom, M. De Officiis. New York: Oxford University Press.
1995. Kinapenne, C. De Officiis. Index Verborum, Listes De Fréquence, Relevés Grammaticaux. Liège.
1996. Dyck, A. R. A Commentary on Cicero, De Officiis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
2001. Walsh, P.G. On Obligations. New York: Oxford University Press.
2008. Nickel, R. De Officiis = Vom Pflichtgemässen Handel. Lateinisch-Deutsch. Düsseldorf: Artemis und Winkler.
2016. Newton, B. P. Marcus Tullius Cicero: On Duties . Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

De Inventione

1949. Hubbell, H.M. De Inventione; De Optimo Genere Oratorum; Topica. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library.
1994. Achard, G. De L'invention. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France.
1998. Nüsslein, T. De Inventione = Über Die Auffindung Des Stoffes ; De Optimo Genere Oratorum = Über Die Beste Gattung Von Rednern. Düsseldorf: Artemis und Winkler.

De Oratore

1902. Wilkins, A.S. Rhetorica, Tomus I: Libros De Oratore Tres Continens. New York: Oxford University Press.
1948. Rackham. H. and E.W. Sutton. De Oratore . Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library. Contents: I. De Oratore, Books 1-2. II. De Oratore, Book 3. De Fato, Paradoxa Stoicorum, De Partitione Oratoria.
1985. Leeman, D. H. Pinkster, et al. De Oratore Libri Iii. Kommentar. Heidelberg: Winter. Wissenschaftliche Kommentare zu griechischen und lateinischen Schriftstellern. Band 1: Buch I, 1-65 ; Band 2: Buch I, 166-265, Buch II, 1-98 ; Band 3: Buch II, 99-290 ; Band 4: Buch II, 291-367 /Buch III, 1-95.
2001. May, J.M. and J. Wisse. Cicero on the Ideal Orator . New York: Oxford University Press.
2007. Nüsslein, T. De Oratore = Über Den Redner. Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler. Lateinisch-Deutsch.
2008. Yon, A. L'orateur. Du Meilleur Genre D'orateurs. Paris: Belles Lettres. Collection des universités de France.

Brutus

1885. Sandys, J.E. Ad M. Brutum Orator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprint: New York, Arno Press, 1979.
1903. Wilkins, A.S. Rhetorica, Tomus Ii: Brvtvs; Orator; De Optimo Genere Oratorvm; Partitiones Oratoriae; Topica. New York: Oxford University Press.
1907. Ad M. Brutum Orator. Lipsia: G. Teubner. Bibliotheca Scriptorvm Graecorvm Et Romanorvm Tevbneriana. Recognovit Wilhelm Friedrich.
1962. Hendrickson, G.L. and H.M. Hubbell. Brutus; Orator. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Loeb Classical Library.
1981. Barwick, K. Brutus. Freiburg: Ploetz. Lateinisch-Deutsch.

Orator, Paritiiones Oratoriae

1903. Rhetorica, Tomus Ii: Brvtvs; Orator; De Optimo Genere Oratorvm; Partitiones Oratoriae; Topica. New York: Oxford University Press. Scriptorum classicorum bibliotheca Oxoniensis. Recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instrvxit August Samuel Wilkins.

Topica

1924. Bornecque, H. Divisions De L'art Oratoire, Topiques. Paris: Belles Lettres.
1983. Zekl, H. G. Topik. Lateinisch-Deutsch. Hamburg: F. Meiner.
2003. Reihnardt, T. Topica. New York: Oxford University Press.

Epistulae

1987. Shackleton-Bailey, D.R. Epistulae ad Atticum. Vol.I: Libri I–VIII ; Vol.II: Libri IX–XVI
1988. Shackleton-Bailey, D.R. Epistulae ad Familiares libri I–XVI
1988. Shackleton-Bailey, D.R. Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem. Epistulae ad M. Brutum. Commentariolum petitionis. Fragmenta epistolarum

Fragmentary works

1963. Cooper, C.G. Latin extracts of Cicero on Himself. University of Queensland Press.
1984. Crawford, Jane W. M. Tullius Cicero: The Lost and Unpublished Orations
1984. Garbarino, G. Fragmenta Ex Libris Philosophicis, Ex Aliis Libris Deperditis, Ex Scriptis Incertis. Milano: Mondadori.
1994. Crawford, Jane W. M. Tullius Cicero: The Fragmentary Speeches, an Edition with Commentary, 2nd edition
Penguin Classics English translations