X11 color names

In computing, on the X Window System, X11 color names are represented in a simple text file, which maps certain strings to RGB color values. It was traditionally shipped with every X11 installation, hence the name, and is usually located in <X11root>/lib/X11/rgb.txt. The web colors list is descended from it but differs for certain color names.
Color names are not standardized by Xlib or the X11 protocol. The list does not show continuity either in selected color values or in color names, and some color triplets have multiple names. Despite this, graphic designers and others got used to them, making it practically impossible to introduce a different list. In earlier releases of X11, server implementors were encouraged to modify the RGB values in the reference color database to account for gamma correction.
As of X.Org Release 7.4 rgb.txt is no longer included in the roll up release, and the list is built directly into the server. The optional module xorg/app/rgb contains the stand-alone rgb.txt file.
The list first shipped with X10 release 3 on 7 June 1986, having been checked into RCS by Jim Gettys in 1985. The same list was in X11R1 on 18 September 1987. Approximately the full list as is available today shipped with X11R4 on 29 January 1989, with substantial additions by Paul Ravelling, John C. Thomas and Jim Fulton. The project was running DEC VT240 terminals at the time, so would have worked to that device.
In some applications multipart names are written with spaces, in others joined together, often in camel case. They are usually matched insensitive of case and the X Server source code contains spaced aliases for most entries; this article uses spaces and uppercase initials except where variants with spaces are not specified in the actual code.

Clashes between web and X11 colors in the CSS color scheme

The first versions of Mosaic and Netscape Navigator used the X11 colors as the basis for the web colors list, as both were originally X applications. The W3C specifications SVG and CSS level 3 module Color eventually adopted the X11 list with some changes. The present W3C list is a superset of the 16 “VGA colors” defined in HTML 3.2 and CSS level 1.
Perhaps most unusual of the color clashes between X11 and W3C is the case of "Gray" and its variants. In HTML, "Gray" is specifically reserved for the 128 triplet . However, in X11, "gray" was assigned to the 190 triplet , which is close to W3C "Silver" at 192 , and had "Light Gray" at 211 and "Dark Gray" at 169 counterparts. As a result, the combined CSS 3.0 color list that prevails on the web today produces "Dark Gray" as a significantly lighter tone than plain "Gray", because "Dark Gray" was descended from X11 – for it did not exist in HTML nor CSS level 1 – while "Gray" was descended from HTML. Even in the current draft for CSS 4.0, dark gray continues to be a lighter shade than gray. Some browsers such as Netscape Navigator insisted on an "a" in any "Gray" except for "Light Grey".
Recent X releases also support the W3C definitions. In X11, the original definitions have been preserved, but for every conflicting name pair, "Web" and additional "X11" prefixes have been added to ease disambiguation after the merger. The "X11" prefix is an alias for the non-prefixed version, i.e. "X11 Gray" = "Gray" ≠ "Web Gray". The W3C also defined a color that is equal to X11's "Green", but called it "Lime". In X11, this is simply called "Lime", as no such name existed before. It aliases to "Green", i.e. "Lime" = "Green" = "X11 Green" ≠ "Web Green".

Color name chart

The following chart presents the standardized X11 color names from the X.org source code. The list of names accepted by browsers following W3C standards slightly differs as explained above. The table does not show numbered gray and brightness variants as described below. Actual rgb.txt files and other color databases or palettes may differ since they are freely editable by vendors and users. The table shows component values in several notations of the RGB color space, i.e. RGB, HSL and HSV, conversions are done assuming sRGB color space.

Color variations

Shades of gray

The complete rgb.txt defines 101 shades from 'Gray0' up to 'Gray100' in addition to 'Gray' and its variants listed above. The shades are apparently defined by the formula GrayN := round resulting in e.g. 'Gray96', which happens to be the same as 'White Smoke'. Similarly 'Dim Gray' is the same as 'Gray41'.
On the other hand, 'Gray' lies between 'Gray74' and 'Gray75' ; 'Dark Gray' is not the same as 'Gray66' ; and 'Light Gray' is not the same as 'Gray83'.
These shades are not included in W3C specifications, although drafts for level 4 of the CSS Color module include a similar function gray.
They are still coded without 'Grey' alternatives, but with no space before the digit.

Numbered variants

For 78 colors, rgb.txt offers four variants "color1", "color2", "color3", and "color4", with "color1" sometimes corresponding to "color", so e.g. "Snow1" is the same as "Snow". Unlike base colors, e.g. cadet blue and CadetBlue, these are only coded without spaces, e.g. CadetBlue3. These variations are neither supported by popular browsers nor adopted by W3C standards. Whether or not a certain color has such variants seems random.
If "color1" is not the same as "color, the base color is usually darker. That means its brightness in HSB color notation is less than 100%; about 30 of the base colors are fully bright. The four variants have rounded brightness values of 100%, 93%, 80% and 55%, respectively. Their hue and saturation are usually the same except for rounding. In some cases they differ from the base color, though, which may indicate that these variants were specified with alternate definitions of the bases in mind, i.e. their values were adapted to a certain monitor which was commonly done by vendors until the 1990s.
The fixed brightness settings correspond closely to these formulae to determine the RGB values:
Examples:

"Yellow 2" is based on "Yellow" with 255 × 0.932 = 237.66.
"Ivory 3" is explained by "Ivory" where 255 × 0.804 = 205.02 and 240 × 0.804 = 192.96.
"Azure 4" is close to "Azure" values transformed as 255 × 0.548 = 139.74 and 240 × 0.548 = 131.52.

Name	Hue	Saturation	Brightness	Standard	Variant 1	Variant 2	Variant 3	Variant 4
Antique White	34±1°	14%	98%	`#FAEBD7`	`#FFEFDB`	`#EEDFCC`	`#CDC0B0`	`#8B8378`
Aquamarine	160°	50%	100%	`#7FFFD4`	←	`#76EEC6`	`#66CDAA`	`#458B74`
Azure	180°	6%	100%	`#F0FFFF`	←	`#E0EEEE`	`#C1CDCD`	`#838B8B`
Bisque	33±1°	23%	100%	`#FFE4C4`	←	`#EED5B7`	`#CDB79E`	`#8B7D6B`
Blue	240°	100%	100%	`#0000FF`	←	`#0000EE`	`#0000CD`	`#00008B`
Brown	0°	75%	65%	`#A52A2A`	`#FF4040`	`#EE3B3B`	`#CD3333`	`#8B2323`
Burlywood	34°	39%	87%	`#DEB887`	`#FFD39B`	`#EEC591`	`#CDAA7D`	`#8B7355`
Cadet Blue	182–186°	>40%	63%	`#5F9EA0`	`#98F5FF`	`#8EE5EE`	`#7AC5CD`	`#53868B`
Chartreuse	90°	100%	100%	`#7FFF00`	←	`#76EE00`	`#66CD00`	`#458B00`
Chocolate	25°	86%	82%	`#D2691E`	`#FF7F24`	`#EE7621`	`#CD661D`	`#8B4513`
Coral	10°/16°	66%/69%	100%	`#FF7F50`	`#FF7256`	`#EE6A50`	`#CD5B45`	`#8B3E2F`
Cornsilk	48–51°	14%	100%	`#FFF8DC`	←	`#EEE8CD`	`#CDC8B1`	`#8B8878`
Cyan	180°	100%	100%	`#00FFFF`	←	`#00EEEE`	`#00CDCD`	`#008B8B`
Dark Goldenrod	43°	94%	72%	`#B8860B`	`#FFB90F`	`#EEAD0E`	`#CD950C`	`#8B6508`
Dark Olive Green	82°	56%	42%	`#556B2F`	`#CAFF70`	`#BCEE68`	`#A2CD5A`	`#6E8B3D`
Dark Orange	30°/33°	100%	100%	`#FF8C00`	`#FF7F00`	`#EE7600`	`#CD6600`	`#8B4500`
Dark Orchid	280°	76%	80%	`#9932CC`	`#BF3EFF`	`#B23AEE`	`#9A32CD`	`#68228B`
Dark Sea Green	120°	24%	74%	`#8FBC8F`	`#C1FFC1`	`#B4EEB4`	`#9BCD9B`	`#698B69`
Dark Slate Gray	180°	41%	31%	`#2F4F4F`	`#97FFFF`	`#8DEEEE`	`#79CDCD`	`#528B8B`
Deep Pink	328°	92%	100%	`#FF1493`	←	`#EE1289`	`#CD1076`	`#8B0A50`
Deep Sky Blue	195°	100%	100%	`#00BFFF`	←	`#00B2EE`	`#009ACD`	`#00688B`
Dodger Blue	210°	88%	100%	`#1E90FF`	←	`#1C86EE`	`#1874CD`	`#104E8B`
Firebrick	0°	81%	70%	`#B22222`	`#FF3030`	`#EE2C2C`	`#CD2626`	`#8B1A1A`
Gold	51°	100%	100%	`#FFD700`	←	`#EEC900`	`#CDAD00`	`#8B7500`
Goldenrod	43°	86%	86%	`#DAA520`	`#FFC125`	`#EEB422`	`#CD9B1D`	`#8B6914`
Green	120°	100%	100%	`#00FF00`	←	`#00EE00`	`#00CD00`	`#008B00`
Honeydew	120°	6%	100%	`#F0FFF0`	←	`#E0EEE0`	`#C1CDC1`	`#838B83`
Hot Pink	330–334°	53–59%	100%	`#FF69B4`	`#FF6EB4`	`#EE6AA7`	`#CD6090`	`#8B3A62`
Indian Red	0°	55–59%	80%	`#CD5C5C`	`#FF6A6A`	`#EE6363`	`#CD5555`	`#8B3A3A`
Ivory	60°	6%	100%	`#FFFFF0`	←	`#EEEEE0`	`#CDCDC1`	`#8B8B83`
Khaki	55°	44%	100%	`#F0E68C`	`#FFF68F`	`#EEE685`	`#CDC673`	`#8B864E`
Lavender Blush	339±1°	6%	100%	`#FFF0F5`	←	`#EEE0E5`	`#CDC1C5`	`#8B8386`
Lemon Chiffon	54°	20%	100%	`#FFFACD`	←	`#EEE9BF`	`#CDC9A5`	`#8B8970`
Light Blue	195°	25%	90%	`#ADD8E6`	`#BFEFFF`	`#B2DFEE`	`#9AC0CD`	`#68838B`
Light Cyan	180°	12%	100%	`#E0FFFF`	←	`#D1EEEE`	`#B4CDCD`	`#7A8B8B`
Light Goldenrod	50°	45%	93%	`#EEDD82`	`#FFEC8B`	`#EEDC82`	`#CDBE70`	`#8B814C`
Light Pink	351°/352°	29%/32%	100%	`#FFB6C1`	`#FFAEB9`	`#EEA2AD`	`#CD8C95`	`#8B5F65`
Light Salmon	17°	52%	100%	`#FFA07A`	←	`#EE9572`	`#CD8162`	`#8B5742`
Light Sky Blue	202°/203°	31%/46%	100%	`#87CEFA`	`#B0E2FF`	`#A4D3EE`	`#8DB6CD`	`#607B8B`
Light Steel Blue	214°	21%	87%	`#B0C4DE`	`#CAE1FF`	`#BCD2EE`	`#A2B5CD`	`#6E7B8B`
Light Yellow	60°	12%	100%	`#FFFFE0`	←	`#EEEED1`	`#CDCDB4`	`#8B8B7A`
Magenta	300°	100%	100%	`#FF00FF`	←	`#EE00EE`	`#CD00CD`	`#8B008B`
Maroon	322°/338°	73%/80%	69%	`#B03060`	`#FF34B3`	`#EE30A7`	`#CD2990`	`#8B1C62`
Medium Orchid	288°	60%	83%	`#BA55D3`	`#E066FF`	`#D15FEE`	`#B452CD`	`#7A378B`
Medium Purple	260°	49%	86%	`#9370DB`	`#AB82FF`	`#9F79EE`	`#8968CD`	`#5D478B`
Misty Rose	6°	12%	100%	`#FFE4E1`	←	`#EED5D2`	`#CDB7B5`	`#8B7D7B`
Navajo White	36°	32%	100%	`#FFDEAD`	←	`#EECFA1`	`#CDB38B`	`#8B795E`
Olive Drab	80°	76%	56%	`#6B8E23`	`#C0FF3E`	`#B3EE3A`	`#9ACD32`	`#698B22`
Orange	39°	100%	100%	`#FFA500`	←	`#EE9A00`	`#CD8500`	`#8B5A00`
Orange Red	16°	100%	100%	`#FF4500`	←	`#EE4000`	`#CD3700`	`#8B2500`
Orchid	302°	49%	86%	`#DA70D6`	`#FF83FA`	`#EE7AE9`	`#CD69C9`	`#8B4789`
Pale Green	120°	40%	98%	`#98FB98`	`#9AFF9A`	`#90EE90`	`#7CCD7C`	`#548B54`
Pale Turquoise	180°	27%	93%	`#AFEEEE`	`#BBFFFF`	`#AEEEEE`	`#96CDCD`	`#668B8B`
Pale Violet Red	340°	49%	86%	`#DB7093`	`#FF82AB`	`#EE799F`	`#CD6889`	`#8B475D`
Peach Puff	28°	27%	100%	`#FFDAB9`	←	`#EECBAD`	`#CDAF95`	`#8B7765`
Pink	347°/350°	25%/29%	100%	`#FFC0CB`	`#FFB5C5`	`#EEA9B8`	`#CD919E`	`#8B636C`
Plum	300°	27%	87%	`#DDA0DD`	`#FFBBFF`	`#EEAEEE`	`#CD96CD`	`#8B668B`
Purple	271°/277°	81%/87%	94%	`#A020F0`	`#9B30FF`	`#912CEE`	`#7D26CD`	`#551A8B`
Red	0°	100%	100%	`#FF0000`	←	`#EE0000`	`#CD0000`	`#8B0000`
Rosy Brown	0°	24%	74%	`#BC8F8F`	`#FFC1C1`	`#EEB4B4`	`#CD9B9B`	`#8B6969`
Royal Blue	225°	72%	88%	`#4169E1`	`#4876FF`	`#436EEE`	`#3A5FCD`	`#27408B`
Salmon	6°/14°	54%/59%	98%	`#FA8072`	`#FF8C69`	`#EE8262`	`#CD7054`	`#8B4C39`
Sea Green	147°	67%	55%	`#2E8B57`	`#54FF9F`	`#4EEE94`	`#43CD80`	`#2E8B57`
Seashell	26±1°	7%	100%	`#FFF5EE`	←	`#EEE5DE`	`#CDC5BF`	`#8B8682`
Sienna	19°	72%	63%	`#A0522D`	`#FF8247`	`#EE7942`	`#CD6839`	`#8B4726`
Sky Blue	197°/205°	43%/47%	92%	`#87CEEB`	`#87CEFF`	`#7EC0EE`	`#6CA6CD`	`#4A708B`
Slate Blue	248°	57%	80%	`#6A5ACD`	`#836FFF`	`#7A67EE`	`#6959CD`	`#473C8B`
Slate Gray	210°	22%	57%	`#708090`	`#C6E2FF`	`#B9D3EE`	`#9FB6CD`	`#6C7B8B`
Snow	0°	2%	100%	`#FFFAFA`	←	`#EEE9E9`	`#CDC9C9`	`#8B8989`
Spring Green	150°	100%	100%	`#00FF7F`	←	`#00EE76`	`#00CD66`	`#008B45`
Steel Blue	207°	61%	71%	`#4682B4`	`#63B8FF`	`#5CACEE`	`#4F94CD`	`#36648B`
Tan	30°/34°	33%/69%	82%	`#D2B48C`	`#FFA54F`	`#EE9A49`	`#CD853F`	`#8B5A2B`
Thistle	300°	12%	85%	`#D8BFD8`	`#FFE1FF`	`#EED2EE`	`#CDB5CD`	`#8B7B8B`
Tomato	9°	72%	100%	`#FF6347`	←	`#EE5C42`	`#CD4F39`	`#8B3626`
Turquoise	174°/182°	71%/100%	88%	`#40E0D0`	`#00F5FF`	`#00E5EE`	`#00C5CD`	`#00868B`
Violet Red	322°/333°	76%/85%	82%	`#D02090`	`#FF3E96`	`#EE3A8C`	`#CD3278`	`#8B2252`
Wheat	39°	27%	96%	`#F5DEB3`	`#FFE7BA`	`#EED8AE`	`#CDBA96`	`#8B7E66`
Yellow	60°	100%	100%	`#FFFF00`	←	`#EEEE00`	`#CDCD00`	`#8B8B00`

Prefixed variants

Some color names appear to be brightness or saturation modifications of others because they bear prefixes such as Dark, Light, Medium, Pale or Deep, but there is no systematic variation apparent. Several sets, however, feature a Dark variant with 55% brightness and some have their Medium at about 80%.
"Light Goldenrod Yellow" and "Dark Olive Green" are special, because there are no corresponding color entries without Dark and Light prefixes.

Color name	Base	Pale	Light	Medium	Dark	Deep	other
Aquamarine	100% bright			80% bright
Blue	100% bright		complex	80% bright	55% bright
Slate Blue	80% bright		100% bright	93% bright	55% bright
Sky Blue			complex			100% saturated and bright
Steel Blue			complex
Coral			complex
Cyan	100% bright, 50% light		94% light		55% bright
Goldenrod		complex	complex		complex		complex
Gray	75% bright		83% bright		66% bright		41% bright
Slate Gray	57% bright		60% bright		complex
Green	100% bright	98% bright	93% bright		39% bright		50% bright
Olive Green	—				complex		complex
Sea Green	55% bright		complex	70% bright	complex
Spring Green	100% bright			complex
Khaki	94% bright				74% bright
Magenta	100% bright				55% bright
Orange	39° hue				33° hue
Orchid				complex	complex
Pink	88% light		86% light			complex	complex
Purple				complex			complex
Violet Red	47% light, 82% bright	complex		43% light, 78% bright
Red	100% bright				55% bright
Salmon			complex		complex
Turquoise		complex		complex	complex
Violet					complex
Yellow	50% light		94% light

Nuances with different hue

Several groups of colors share the same lightness or brightness and saturation. These nuances differ only by hue.
; 100%/25%: 0° Maroon, 60° Olive, 120° Green, 180° Teal, 240° Navy, 300° Purple
; 100%/27%: 0° Dark Red, 180° Dark Cyan, 240° Dark Blue, 300° Dark Magenta
; 100%/41%: 181° Dark Turquoise, 282° Dark Violet
; 100%/49%: 90° Lawn Green, 157° Medium Spring Green
; 61%/50%: 80° Yellow Green, 120° Lime Green, 280° Dark Orchid
; 100%/50%: 0° Red, 16° Orange Red, 33° Dark Orange, 39° Orange, 51° Gold, 60° Yellow, 90° Chartreuse, 120° Green, 150° Spring Green, 180° Aqua / Cyan, 195° Deep Sky Blue, 240° Blue, 300° Fuchsia / Magenta
; 25%/65%: 0° Rosy Brown, 120° Dark Sea Green
; 59–60%/65%: 260° Medium Purple, 302° Orchid, 340° Pale Violet Red
; 100%/86%: 38° Moccasin, 351° Light Pink
; 100%/90%: 36° Blanched Almond, 54° Lemon Chiffon
; 67%/94%: 30° Linen, 240° Lavender
; 100%/94%: 6° Misty Rose, 60° Light Yellow, 180° Light Cyan
; 100%/97%: 25° Seashell, 40° Floral White, 60° Ivory, 120° Honeydew, 180° Azure, 208° Alice Blue, 340° Lavender Blush
; 100%/99%: 0° Snow, 240° Ghost White

Tints and shades with different lightness

Several groups of colors share the same hue and HSL saturation. Tints are lighter than a base color, shades are darker.
; 0°/0%: 0% Black, 41% Dim Gray, 50% Gray, 66% Dark Gray, 75% Gray, 75% Silver, 83% Light Gray, 86% Gainsboro, 96% White Smoke, 100% White
; 0°/100%: 25% Maroon, 27% Dark Red, 50% Red, 99% Snow
; 16°/100%: 50% Orange Red, 66% Coral
; 33°/100%: 50% Dark Orange, 88% Bisque
; 36°/100%: 84% Navajo White, 90% Blanched Almond
; 60°/100%: 25% Olive, 50% Yellow, 94% Light Yellow, 97% Ivory
; 80°/61%: 35% Olive Drab, 50% Yellow Green
; 90°/100%: 49% Lawn Green, 50% Chartreuse
; 120°/61%: 34% Forest Green, 50% Lime Green
; 120°/100%: 20% Dark Green, 25% Green, 50% Green / Lime, 97% Honeydew
; 146–147°/50%: 36% Sea Green, 47% Medium Sea Green
; 150°/100%: 50% Spring Green, 98% Mint Cream
; 180–181°/100%: 25% Teal, 27% Dark Cyan, 41% Dark Turquoise, 50% Aqua / Cyan, 94% Light Cyan, 97% Azure
; 240°/100%: 25% Navy Blue, 27% Dark Blue, 40% Medium Blue, 50% Blue, 99% Ghost White
; 300°/100%: 25% Purple, 27% Dark Magenta, 50% Fuchsia / Magenta
; 328–330°/100%: 54% Deep Pink, 71% Hot Pink
; 350–351°/100%: 88% Pink, 86% Light Pink

Tones with different saturation

Some pairs of colors share the same lightness and hue. These tones differ only by saturation. Tones are far less common in the X11 set than nuances, tints and shades.
; 0°/41%: 0% Dim Gray, 59% Brown
; 120°/50%: 61% Lime Green, 100% Green / Lime
; 180°/25%: 25% Dark Slate Gray, 100% Teal
; 240°/27%: 64% Midnight Blue, 100% Dark Blue

Derived lists

The Printer Working Group of the IEEE publishes a standard, , whose mandatory color names are based upon , successor to which imported the functional color names other, unknown and transparent alongside seven basic colors from ISO 10175 and ISO 10180, and JTAPI. This standard has four variants for each non-monochromatic color: clear, dark, light and the default. Wherever possible, the values are the same as in the W3C adaptation of the X11 list, except for Turquoise which is instead of. Missing variant values have been added systematically. Buff and Mustard are completely new color names. Light Black and Gray correspond to the same color.

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