DNA repairprotein XRCC1, also known as X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC1gene. XRCC1 is involved in DNA repair, where it complexes with DNA ligase III.
Function
XRCC1 is involved in the efficient repair of DNA single-strand breaks formed by exposure to ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. This protein interacts with DNA ligase III, polymerase beta and poly polymerase to participate in the base excision repair pathway. It may play a role in DNA processing during meiogenesis and recombination in germ cells. A rare microsatellitepolymorphism in this gene is associated with cancer in patients of varying radiosensitivity. The XRCC1 protein does not have enzymatic activity, but acts as a scaffolding protein that interacts with multiple repair enzymes. The scaffolding allows these repair enzymes to then carry out their enzymatic steps in repairing DNA. XRCC1 is involved in single-strand break repair, base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair. As reviewed by London, XRCC1 protein has three globular domains connected by two linker segments of ~150 and 120 residues. The XRCC1 N-terminaldomain binds to DNA polymerase beta, the C-terminal BRCT domain interacts with DNA ligase III alpha and the central domain contains a poly binding motif. This central domain allows recruitment of XRCC1 to polymeric ADP-ribose that forms on PARP1 after PARP1 binds to single strand breaks. The first linker contains a nuclear localization sequence and also has a region that interacts with DNA repair protein REV1, and REV1 recruits translesion polymerases. The second linker interacts with polynucleotide kinase phosphatase , aprataxin and a third protein designated aprataxin- and PNKP-like factor. XRCC1 has an essential role in microhomology-mediated end joining repair of double strand breaks. MMEJ is a highly error-prone DNA repair pathway that results in deletion mutations. XRCC1 is one of 6 proteins required for this pathway.
Deficiency in XRCC1, due to being heterozygous for a mutated XRCC1 gene coding for a truncated XRCC1 protein, suppresses tumor growth in mice. Under three experimental conditions for inducing three types of cancer, mice heterozygous for this XRCC1 mutation had substantially lower tumor volume or number than wild type mice undergoing the same carcinogenic treatments.
Cancers are very often deficient in expression of one or more DNA repair genes, but over-expression of a DNA repair gene is less usual in cancer. For instance, at least 36 DNA repair proteins, when mutationally defective in germ line cells, cause increased risk of cancer. Similarly, at least 12 DNA repair genes have frequently been found to be epigenetically repressed in one or more cancers. Ordinarily, deficient expression of a DNA repair enzyme results in increased un-repaired DNA damages which, through replication errors, lead to mutations and cancer. However, XRCC1 mediated MMEJ repair is directly mutagenic, so in this case, over-expression, rather than under-expression, apparently leads to cancer. Reduction of mutagenic XRCC1 mediated MMEJ repair leads to reduced progression of cancer.
Stroke recovery
is increased in the brain during ischemic stroke leading to an increased burden on stress resistance mechanisms, including those for repairing oxidatively damaged DNA. Consequently any loss of a repair system that would ordinarily restore damaged DNA may impede survival and normal function of brain neurons. Ghosh et al. reported that partial loss of XRCC1 function causes increased DNA damage in the brain and reduced recovery from ischemic stroke. This finding indicates that XRCC1-mediated base excision repair is important for speedy recovery from stroke.
Structure
The NMR solution structure of the Xrcc1 N-terminal domain shows that the structural core is a beta-sandwich with beta-strands connected by loops, three helices and two short two-stranded beta-sheets at each connection side. The Xrcc1 NTD specifically binds single-strand break DNA and a gapped DNA-beta-Pol complex.
