Xishanping

Stratigraphy

• Xishanping I: the earliest layer, this layer corresponds to the Dadiwan culture. The bones from a large variety of animals were discovered in this layer.
• Xishangping II: this layer corresponds to the Lower Beishouling culture. Only a few animal bones were found in this layer, coming from red deer, cattle and pigs.
• Xishangping III : this period corresponds to the Majiayao culture. The greatest changes at Xishanping occurred during this time. Evidence for intensive agriculture can be found in this layer, starting from around 5,100 BP. Horse, chicken, dog and pig bones were discovered in this layer, with pig bones composing almost half of all of the bones found in this layer. This layer can be further divided as follows:
• * 5250–4650 BP: during this period, the forest was composed primarily of a coniferous-broadleaf mix. The primary staple crops were foxtail and broomcorn millet.
• * 4650–4300 BP: around 4650 BP, the forest saw a drastic transition, most likely due to anthropogenic causes. The forest fauna came to be dominated primarily by fast-growing bamboo. Additionally, several fruit and nut-bearing trees became more commonly found. The primary staple crops were foxtail millet, broomcorn millet, and buckwheat.
• Xishangping IV : this period corresponds to the Qijia culture. Pig bones form an overwhelming majority of all of the animals bones found from this layer.

  Staple crops

• Broomcorn millet
• Foxtail millet
• Rice – earliest evidence for rice in northwest China
• Oat – earliest evidence for oat in China
• Soybean
• Wheat – earliest evidence for wheat in China
• Barley – earliest evidence for barley in China
• Buckwheat