Yarrowia


Yarrowia is a fungal genus in the family Dipodascaceae. For a while the genus was monotypic, containing the single species Yarrowia lipolytica, a yeast that can use unusual carbon sources, such as hydrocarbons. This has made it of interest for use in industrial microbiology, especially for the production of specialty lipids. Molecular phylogenetics analysis has revealed several other species that have since been added to the genus.
In January 2019, Yarrowia lipolytica yeast biomass was defined by the European Food Safety Authority as a safe novel food - dried and heat‐killed - with the underlying qualifications that it is widespread in nature, present in the typical environment, may be used as food for people over age 3, and may be manufactured as a dietary supplement.

Biology

Habitat

Y. lipolytica has been isolated from various locations. Often these environments contain an excess of lipids, which can be efficiently utilized by Y. lipolytica as a carbon and energy source. Y. lipolytica is strictly aerobic.

Oleaginous yeast

Y. lipolytica is part of the group of oleaginous yeast, which means that its cells are made up of more then 20% fat content. Most lipids are stored as triacylglycerids. This physiological trait makes this species especially interesting to produce lipid derivates. For example, genetic engineering and process optimization allow to produce high amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid .

Dimorphism

Y. lipolytica has a dimorphic growth, which means it can grow in two different phenotypes. The usual form of the cells can be described as round and spherical. When exposed to stress conditions such as temperature, pH, mechanical or osmotic stress, the cell can switch into a filamentous growth form.

Genome

The genome of Y. lipolytica consists of around 20,5 kbp, encodes for over 7000 genes and is distributed on six chromosomes and the mitochondrial DNA. Naturally, there are small differences in the length of the genomes of different strain isolates. Usually hemiascomycetous yeast have a low number of introns, however, Y. lipolytica is an exception with about 15% of genes containing introns.