Zvi Hirsch Chajes was one of the foremost Galiciantalmudic scholars. He is best known for his work Mevo Hatalmud, which serves both as commentary and introduction. Chajes is also known as "The Maharatz Chajes", the Hebrew acronym for "Our Teacher, the Rabbi, Zvi Chajes". He is possibly the only commentator included in the back of the Vilna Shas edition with a PhD. However, not everyone agrees that he actually received a doctorate.
Biography
Chajes was born in Brody. He studied under a number of great scholars of that time, particularly R. Ephraim Zalman Margulies. In addition to his traditional talmudic education, he was educated in modern and classical languages and literature, as well as geography, history and philosophy. In 1846, a law was promulgated in Austria compelling rabbinical candidates to pass a university examination in the liberal arts and philosophy; Chajes received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. At twenty two, he was called to occupy an important rabbinic position in the district of Zhovkva, Galicia. In this position, he fought against the innovations being introduced into Judaism at that time, while also opposing the increasing conservatism among his Orthodox colleagues. Chajes died prematurely in 1855 at the age of 50, only three years after being appointed to the prestigious post of rabbi of Kalisz, Poland. Chajes produced many works of scientific study of Judaism that were faithful to tradition but modern in their orientation and organization. In this role he is closely associated with Nachman Krochmal and S. L. Rapoport. "There are few modern works dealing in detail with the Halakha or the Haggadah which have not profited by the labors of Chajes, although his name is often passed over in silence. His Introduction to the Talmud is especially noteworthy..." . Dr. Bruria Hutner David describes Chajes as "Traditionalist and Maskil" - as the subject of her PhD thesis. The name Zvi Hirsch is a bilingual tautological name in Yiddish. It means literally "deer-deer" and is traceable back to the Hebrew word צבי tsvi "deer" and the German word Hirsch "deer"..
Works
deals with both the Halakha, the legal aspects of the Talmud, and the Aggadah, the non-legal portions. In this work, Chajes imparts a detailed history and classification of the Talmud and its underlying oral tradition. This work is the first modern attempt on the part of Orthodoxy to formulate the nature, extent, and authority of tradition. Chajes also authored:
: treatises on the authority of Talmudic tradition, and on the organic structure and methodology of the Talmud.
Darkhei Horaah: an examination of the rules that obtained in Talmudic times in deciding practical religious questions.
