1510

January–June

• January - Catherine of Aragon gives birth to her first child, a stillborn daughter.
• January 23 - An 18-year-old Henry VIII of England jousts anonymously at Richmond, Surrey and draws applause, before revealing his identity.
• February 27-November 25 - Portuguese conquest of Goa: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Goa.
• May 12 - The Prince of Anhua rebellion begins when Zhu Zhifan, Prince of Anhua, kills all the officials invited to a banquet, and declares his intent on ousting the powerful Ming dynasty eunuch Liu Jin, during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor in China.
• May 30 - Rebel leader Zhu Zhifan is defeated and captured by commander Qiu Yue, ending the Prince of Anhua rebellion.

  July–December

• July - The Holy League, formed to defend the Italian States, attacks French-occupied Genoa. The 1510 influenza pandemic reaches Sicily, where it is nicknamed coccolucio, before spreading to the Italian states and the rest of Europe.
• August 10 - The Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy is founded.
• December 2 - Battle of Marv: Shah Ismail I defeats the Uzbek forces of Shaybani Khan, in Khorasan.

  Date unknown

• The Grand Prince of Moscow Vasili III conquers Pskov.
• Sir Thomas More becomes undersheriff of the City of London.
• Paolo Cortese publishes De Cardinalatu, a manual for cardinals, including advice on palatial architecture - which inspires Thomas Wolsey in his construction work at Hampton Court Palace.
• Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa moves to Italy.
• Sunflowers are brought to Europe.

  Births

• February 24 - Costanzo II Sforza, Italian noble
• March 25 - Guillaume Postel, French linguist
• March 30 - Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist
• June 6 - Giovanni Battista Cicala, Italian Catholic cardinal
• June 22 - Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence
• August 11 - Margaret Paleologa, Sovereign Marchioness of Montferrat
• August 24 - Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen
• October 6
• * Rowland Taylor, English Protestant martyr
• * John Caius, English physician
• October 25 - Renée of France, French princess
• October 28 - Francis Borgia, Spanish General of the Jesuits
• December 28 - Nicholas Bacon, English politician
• date unknown
• *Jan Matsys, Flemish painter
• * Jörg Breu the Younger, German painter
• * Ferenc Dávid, Hungarian founder of the Unitarian Church
• * Solomon Luria, Polish-born Kabbalist
• * Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord
• * Bernard Palissy, French potter and writer
• * Elizabeth Lucar, English calligrapher
• *Ambroise Paré, French surgeon
• *Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, French naval officer
• *Pierre de Manchicourt, Flemish composer
• *Gracia Mendes Nasi, Ottoman businessperson and philanthropist
• *Beatriz de la Cueva, Governor of Guatemala
• *Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, Spanish conquistador
• probable
• * Tullia d'Aragona, Italian poet, author and philosopher
• * Aloysius Lilius, Italian inventor of the Gregorian calendar
• * Luis de Morales, Spanish religious painter
• * Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist and author
• * Lawrence Sheriff, Elizabethan gentleman and grocer
• * Claudio Veggio, Italian composer
• * John Knox, Scottish reformer

  Deaths

• February 1 - Sidonie of Poděbrady, Bohemian princess, duchess consort of Saxony
• February 28 - Juan de la Cosa, Spanish cartographer and explorer
• March 1 - Francisco de Almeida, Portuguese soldier and explorer
• March 10 - Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, German preacher
• March 12 - Mihnea cel Rău, Prince of Wallachia
• May 17 - Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter
• May 25 - Cardinal Georges d'Ambroise, aka Monseigneur le Ledat. Adviser to King Louis XII of France.
• July 10 - Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus
• July 14 - Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the Scottish throne
• July 27 - Giovanni Sforza, Italian condottiere
• August 17
• * Edmund Dudley, English statesman
• * Richard Empson, English statesman
• September 15 - Saint Catherine of Genoa
• September 18 - Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
• November 11 - Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic, Bohemian writer
• December 2 - Muhammad Shaybani, Khan of Bukhara
• December 14 - Friedrich of Saxony
• December 31 - Bianca Maria Sforza, Holy Roman Empress
• date unknown
• * Agüeybaná, Taino chief
• * Giovanna d'Aragona, Duchess of Amalfi, Italian regent
• * Ambrogio Calepino, Italian lexicographer
• * Giorgione, Italian painter
• * Florian Zamoyski, Polish noble
• * Mandukhai Khatun, Mongolian queen