1599
1599 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. As of the start of 1599, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
- January 8 – The Jesuit educational plan, known as the Ratio Studiorum, is issued.
- March 12 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, by Queen Elizabeth I of England.
- April 23 – The Earl of Essex arrives in Dublin at the head of 16,000 troops, the largest army ever seen in Ireland.
- May 16 – The Kalmar Bloodbath takes place in Kalmar, Sweden.
- May 29 – Essex takes Cahir Castle, supposedly the strongest in Ireland, after a short siege.
- June 20 – The Synod of Diamper is convened.
July–December
- July – Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia: A Dutch fleet returns to Amsterdam, carrying 600,000 pounds of pepper and 250,000 pounds of cloves and nutmeg.
- July 24 – Swedish King Sigismund III Vasa is dethroned by his uncle Duke Charles, who takes over as regent of the realm until 1604, when he becomes King Charles IX.
- August 15 – First Battle of Curlew Pass: Irish forces defeat the English.
- September 21 – The first reported performance at the Globe Theatre in London, a presentation of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, is recorded by Swiss traveller Thomas Platter the Younger.
- September 28 – The Earl of Essex arrives back in England, disobeying the Queen's strict orders.
- October 18 – Battle of Sellenberk: Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the army of Andrew Báthory near Șelimbăr, leading to the first recorded unification of the Romanians.
- November 10 – The Åbo Bloodbath takes place in Åbo, Swedish Finland.
- November – Persian embassy to Europe : A Persian embassy arrives in Moscow.
- December 19 – The forces of Minye Thihathu II of Toungoo and his ally Min Razagyi of the Kingdom of Mrauk U end the First Toungoo Empire by capturing Pegu.
Date unknown
- The first Capuchin friar is entombed in the Catacombe dei Cappuccini in Palermo.
Births
January–March
- January 22 – Robert Petre, 3rd Baron Petre, English baron
- January 31 – Juraj V Zrinski, Ban of Croatia
- February 12
- * Duke Friedrich of Saxe-Altenburg, third son of Duke Friedrich Wilhelm I of Saxe-Weimar
- * Thomas Whitmore, English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons
- February 13 – Pope Alexander VII
- March 1 – John Mennes, English Royal Navy admiral
- March 3 – Juan Alfonso Enríquez de Cabrera, Viceroy of Sicily and Viceroy of Naples
- March 13 – John Berchmans, Belgian Jesuit scholastic and saint
- March 22 – Anthony van Dyck, Flemish painter
- March 23 – Thomas Selle, German baroque composer
- March 28 – Witte de With, famous Dutch naval officer of the 17th century
April–June
- April 9 – Sir Thomas Mauleverer, 1st Baronet
- April 17 – Patrick Fleming, Irish Franciscan friar and scholar
- April 25 – Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland
- May 16 – Nicolaes Olycan, Dutch businessman
- May 30 – Samuel Bochart, French Protestant biblical scholar
- June 1 – Elizabeth Lucretia, Duchess of Cieszyn, Duchess suo jure of Cieszyn
- June 6 – Diego Velázquez, Spanish painter
July–September
- July 23 – Stephanius, Danish historian
- July 27 – Albert IV, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
- August 11 – Christian II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
- August 13 – Johannes Buxtorf II, Swiss theologian
- August 14 – Méric Casaubon, English classicist
- August 16 – Diego López Pacheco, 7th Duke of Escalona, Spanish noble
- August 22 – Agatha Marie of Hanau, German noblewoman
- September 7 – Jacob Westerbaen, Dutch poet
- September 20 – Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Wolfenbüttel, German Protestant military leader
- September 24 – Adam Olearius, German scholar
- September 25 – Francesco Borromini, Swiss sculptor and architect
- September 30 – Frances Seymour, Duchess of Somerset
October–December
- October 10
- * Samuel Clarke, English writer and priest
- * Étienne Moulinié, French Baroque composer
- October 11 – Abraham de Fabert, Marshal of France
- October 15 – Cornelis de Graeff, Dutch mayor
- October 28 – Marie of the Incarnation, French foundress of the Ursuline Monastery in Quebec
- October 31 – Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, English statesman and writer
- November 5 – Carlo Emanuele Madruzzo, Italian prince-bishop
- November 11
- * Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, German princess and queen consort of Sweden
- * Ottavio Piccolomini, Austrian-Italian field marshal
- November 13 – Otto Christoph von Sparr, German general
- November 15 – Werner Rolfinck, German physician, chemist, botanist and philosopher
- November 29 – Peter Heylin, English ecclesiastic and author of many polemical works
- November 30 – Andrea Sacchi, Italian painter of High Baroque Classicism
- December 2
- * Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin, Scottish nobleman
- * Alexander Daniell, sole proprietor of the Manor of Alverton, Cornwall
- December 11 – Pieter Codde, Dutch painter
- December 14 – Charles Berkeley, 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge, English politician
- December 16 – Jacques Vallée, Sieur Des Barreaux, French poet
- December 20 – Niels Trolle, Governor General of Norway
- December 29 – Gabriel Bucelin, German historian
Date unknown
- John Alden, English settler of Plymouth Colony
- Stefan Czarniecki, Polish military commander
- Lucy Hay, Countess of Carlisle, English courtier
- Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby defender of Latham House
- Jirgalang, Qing Dynasty prince
Deaths
- January 13 – Edmund Spenser, English poet
- January 22 – Cristofano Malvezzi, Italian composer
- February 8 – Robert Rollock, Scottish Presbyterian, first principal of the university of Edinburgh
- March 19 – Stanisław Radziwiłł, Grand Marshal of Lithuania
- April 10 – Gabrielle d'Estrées, mistress of King Henry IV of France
- April 14 – Henry Wallop, English statesman
- April 22 – Lorenz Scholz von Rosenau, German botanist
- April 27 – Maeda Toshiie, Japanese samurai and warlord
- May 12 – Sultan Murad Mirza, Mughal prince
- May 28 – Maria of Nassau, Dutch Countess
- June 2 – Philipp V, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg
- June 14 – Kōriki Masanaga, Japanese military commander
- June 29 – Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria, Austrian archduchess
- July – Kwon Yul, Korean military commander
- July 11 – Chōsokabe Motochika, Japanese Sengoku Period daimyō
- August 22 – Luca Marenzio, Italian composer
- September 1 – Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer
- September 11 – Beatrice Cenci, Italian noblewoman
- August 8 – Song Ik-pil, Korean scholar
- October 18 – Daniel Adam z Veleslavína, Czech lexicographer
- November 3 – Andrew Báthory, deposed Prince of Transylvania
- November 7 – Gasparo Tagliacozzi, Italian surgeon
- November 8 – Francisco Guerrero, Spanish composer
- November 22 – Nanbu Nobunao, Japanese daimyō
- December 13 – Enrico Caetani, Italian Catholic cardinal
- December 14 – Joan Boyle, English noble, first spouse of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork
- December 27 – Francisco Pérez de Valenzuela, Spanish noble
- After December 18 – Minye Kyawswa II of Ava, Burmese defecting crown prince of the Toungoo Empire
- date unknown – Chand Bibi, Indian regent and warrior