1668

January–June

• January - The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed between England, Sweden and the United Provinces.
• February 13 - In Lisbon, a peace treaty is established between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England, in which the legitimacy of the Portuguese monarch is recognized. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.
• May 2 - The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution.

  July–December

• July 7 - Bishop Isaac Barrow founds the Bishop Barrow Trust with the intention of establishing a university on the Isle of Man; this becomes King William's College.
• July - Welsh privateer Henry Morgan sacks Portobello and Panama City; the lack of booty from the latter attack leads to the city being burned.
• September 9 - Molière's comedy The Miser is first performed, in Paris.
• September 21 - The British East India Company takes over Bombay under a Royal Charter of March 27.

  Date unknown

• One of the world's earliest central banks, the Sveriges Riksbank, is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.
• Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia convenes a church council in Gondar, which decides to expel all Roman Catholics from the country.
• English scientist Isaac Newton builds the first reflecting telescope.

  Births

• May 8 - Alain-René Lesage, French writer
• June 23 - Giambattista Vico, Italian philosopher and historian
• July 21 - Frederick Heinrich of Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt
• September 8 - Giorgio Baglivi, Armenian doctor and writer
• October 18 - John George IV, Elector of Saxony
• October 30 - Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, sister of King George I of Great Britain
• November 10
• * Louis III, Prince of Condé
• * François Couperin, French composer
• November 11 - Johann Albert Fabricius, German scholar
• November 27 - Henri François d'Aguesseau, Chancellor of France
• November 30 - William August, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
• December 11 - Apostolo Zeno, Italian poet and journalist
• December 31 - Herman Boerhaave, Dutch humanist and physician
• date unknown - Stokkseyrar-Dísa, Icelandic Galdrmistress

  Deaths

• January 6
• * Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena
• * Magdalene Sibylle of Saxony, Crown Princess of Denmark
• January 14 - Arnauld de Oihenart, Basque historian and poet
• January 31 - Hermann Busenbaum, German Jesuit theologian
• February 2 - Antonio del Castillo y Saavedra, Spanish artist
• February 8 - Alessandro Tiarini, Italian painter
• February 21 - John Thurloe, English Puritan spy
• March 16 - Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury
• April 12 - Alexander Daniell, sole proprietor of the Manor of Alverton, Cornwall
• April 21 - Jan Boeckhorst, Flemish painter
• May 1 - Frans Luycx, Flemish painter
• May 8 - Catherine of St. Augustine, French nun and nurse of New France
• May 9 - Otto Christoph von Sparr, German general
• May 21 - Christoph Delphicus zu Dohna, Prussian-born Swedish soldier, diplomat
• June 20 - Heinrich Roth, German Sanskrit scholar
• July 26 - Hans Svane, Danish statesman
• August 9 - Jakob Balde, German Latinist
• August 23 - Artus Quellinus the Elder, Flemish sculptor
• August 24 - Tyman Oosdorp, Dutch brewer and magistrate of Haarlem
• September 16
• * Paolo Emilio Rondinini, Italian Bishop of Assisi
• * Jan Miense Molenaer, Dutch painter
• September 19 - Sir William Waller, English Civil War general
• October 12 - Zacharias Wagenaer, secretary, painter, then merchant and administrator
• October 13
• * Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton, English politician
• * Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, English military leader
• November 17 - Joseph Alleine, English non-conformist preacher
• November 21 - Adolf William, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
• December 3 - William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English earl
• December 14 - Charles Berkeley, 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge, English politician
• December 23 - Martin Bauzer, Gorizian Jesuit priest and writer
• December 24 - Wadham Wyndham, English judge

  Date unknown

• Hannah Allen, English nonconformist writer
• Fang Weiyi, Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter and literature historian