1968 in science The year 1968 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.Astronomy Thomas Gold explains the recently discovered radio pulsars as rapidly rotating neutron stars; subsequent observations confirm the suggestion.Computer science April – First book printed completely using electronic composition , the United States edition of Andrew Garve's thriller The Long Short Cut . July 18 – The semiconductor chip company Intel is founded by Gordon E. Moore and Robert Noyce in Mountain View, California . December 9 – In what becomes retrospectively known as "The Mother of All Demos", Douglas Engelbart of Stanford Research Institute's Augmentation Research Center demonstrates for the first time the computer mouse, the video conference , teleconferencing , hypertext , word processing , hypermedia , object addressing, the dynamic linker and a collaborative real-time editor using NLS .Mathematics Beniamino Segre describes a version of the tennis ball theorem . January 2 – Dr. Christiaan Barnard performs the second successful human heart transplant , in South Africa , on Philip Blaiberg , who survives for nineteen months. November – Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among schoolchildren in Norwalk, Ohio , caused by "Norwalk agent", the first identified norovirus . Publication of a Harvard committee report on irreversible coma establishes a paradigm for defining brain death . France becomes the first European country to adopt brain death as a legal definition of death. Doctors perform the first successful bone marrow transplant , to treat severe combined immunodeficiency . DiGeorge syndrome is first described by pediatric endocrinologist Angelo DiGeorge . Georges Charpak develops the multiwire proportional chamber for particle detection at CERN .Psychology John Darley and Bibb Latané demonstrate the bystander effect . Walter Mischel publishes Personality and Assessment .Robotics January – Miomir Vukobratović proposes Zero Moment Point , a theoretical model to explain biped locomotion.Space exploration September 15–22 – Zond program: Soviet spacecraft Zond 5 becomes the first vehicle to circle the Moon and return to splashdown on Earth . It also carries the first living organisms to circle the Moon, including two Russian tortoises, Piophila , mealworms, plants and bacteria . October 11 – Apollo program: NASA launches Apollo 7 , the first manned Apollo mission, with astronauts Wally Schirra , Donn Fulton Eisele and R. Walter Cunningham aboard. Goals for the mission include the first live television broadcast from orbit and testing the lunar module docking maneuver. December 24 – Apollo 8 enters Moon orbit . Frank Borman , Jim Lovell and William A. Anders are the first humans to see the far side of the Moon and planet Earth as a whole. Anders photographs Earthrise .Technology June 6 – Roy Jacuzzi is granted a patent for the Jacuzzi whirlpool hot tub in the United States.Events April 4 – United States theatrical release of Stanley Kubrick's film , based on a story by Arthur C. Clarke.Publications James D. Watson – The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA .Awards Nobel Prizes * Physics – Luis Alvarez * Chemistry – Lars Onsager * Medicine – Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana , Marshall W. Nirenberg Turing Award – Richard Hamming Births March 3 – Brian Cox , English physicist and science communicator, previously rock keyboardist March 9 – Maggie Aderin-Pocock , English space scientist and science educator June 30 – Samantha Tross , Guyanese-born British orthopedic surgeon December 11 – Emmanuelle Charpentier , French biochemist Deaths January 6 – Xu Shunshou , Chinese aeronautical engineer . February 22 – May Smith , English experimental psychologist . March 27 – Yuri Gagarin , Russian cosmonaut , the first man in space . April 1 – Lev Davidovich Landau , Russian physicist. July 22 – Muthulakshmi Reddi , Indian physician and social reformer. July 28 – Otto Hahn , German chemist who received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . October 27 – Lise Meitner , German physicist, discoverer in 1939, with Otto Hahn, of nuclear fission .
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