1974 in film

Highest-grossing films (U.S.)

Events

• February 7 – Blazing Saddles is released in the United States.
• May 28 - Joseph E. Levine, the founder of Embassy Pictures, resigns as president.
• June 20 – Chinatown, directed by Roman Polanski and featured Jack Nicholson, Faye Dunaway, and John Huston, is released to worldwide critical acclaim.
• November 1 – Technicolor ceases its legendary dye-transfer printing process.
• November 8 – Frank Yablans announces his resignation as president of Paramount Pictures with effect from January 5, 1975 following Barry Diller earlier becoming chairman and chief executive office.
• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated its fiftieth anniversary with big fanfare, including That's Entertainment!, a retrospective documentary celebrating its prestigious musicals.
• October–December – Three "disaster films" are released in three consecutive months: Airport 1975, Earthquake, and The Towering Inferno respectively. All were box office successes.
• Kevin Costner made his film debut in Sizzle Beach, U.S.A., although the film was not released until 1986.

  Awards

Notable films released in 1974

• The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army –
• 11 Harrowhouse, starring Charles Grodin, Candice Bergen, James Mason
• 36 Ghante, starring Raaj Kumar and Sunil Dutt –
• 99 and 44/100% Dead, starring Richard Harris, Ann Turkel, Edmond O'Brien, Chuck Connors

  A

• Aap Ki Kasam, starring Rajesh Khanna and Mumtaz –
• Abby, starring William Marshall
• Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja –
• Aina –
• Airport 1975, starring Charlton Heston, Karen Black, George Kennedy, Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., Susan Clark, Helen Reddy, Myrna Loy, Gloria Swanson
• , directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder –
• Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Ellen Burstyn, Kris Kristofferson, Harvey Keitel, Alfred Lutter, Jodie Foster
• Alice in the Cities, directed by Wim Wenders –
• Alien Thunder, starring Donald Sutherland
• All the Kind Strangers, directed by Burt Kennedy, starring Stacy Keach and Samantha Eggar
• Allonsanfàn, starring Marcello Mastroianni –
• Almost Human, starring Tomas Milian and Henry Silva –
• And Now My Love, directed by Claude Lelouch, starring Marthe Keller –
• And Then There Were None, starring Richard Attenborough, Charles Aznavour, Gert Fröbe, Herbert Lom, Oliver Reed, Adolfo Celi, Elke Sommer
• Animals Are Beautiful People –
• Angkur –
• The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, directed by Ted Kotcheff, starring Richard Dreyfuss – Golden Bear winner –
• Arabian Nights, directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini –
• At Home Among Strangers –
• The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, starring Cicely Tyson

  B

• Barry McKenzie Holds His Own, starring Barry Crocker and Barry Humphries –
• The Beast Must Die, starring Peter Cushing –
• Benji, starring Patsy Garrett
• Big Bad Mama, starring Angie Dickinson
• Billy Two Hats, starring Gregory Peck and Desi Arnaz, Jr.
• Black Belt Jones, starring Jim Kelly
• Black Christmas, starring Olivia Hussey, Margot Kidder, Keir Dullea –
• The Black Windmill, starring Michael Caine and Janet Suzman –
• Blazing Saddles, directed by Mel Brooks, starring Gene Wilder, Cleavon Little, Harvey Korman, Madeline Kahn, Slim Pickens, Alex Karras
• Blood for Dracula, directed by Paul Morrissey
• Bread and Chocolate, starring Nino Manfredi –
• Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia, directed by Sam Peckinpah, starring Warren Oates, Isela Vega, Gig Young, Robert Webber
• Buster and Billie, starring Jan-Michael Vincent
• Butley, directed by Harold Pinter, starring Alan Bates and Jessica Tandy –

  C

• Caged Heat, directorial debut of Jonathan Demme
• California Split, directed by Robert Altman, starring George Segal, Elliott Gould, Ann Prentiss
• Callan, starring Edward Woodward –
• Carry On Dick, starring Sid James and Barbara Windsor –
• The Cars that Ate Paris, directorial debut of Peter Weir –
• The Castaway Cowboy, directed by Vincent McEveety, starring James Garner, Vera Miles, Eric Shea, and Robert Culp
• Celine and Julie Go Boating, directed by Jacques Rivette –
• Chinatown, directed by Roman Polanski, starring Jack Nicholson and Faye Dunaway – Golden Globe Awards for best picture, director and actor
• Claudine, starring Diahann Carroll and James Earl Jones
• The Clockmaker, directed by Bertrand Tavernier, starring Philippe Noiret and Jean Rochefort –
• Cockfighter, starring Warren Oates and Harry Dean Stanton
• Conrack, directed by Martin Ritt, starring Jon Voight
• The Conscript –
• The Conversation, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Gene Hackman, John Cazale, Cindy Williams, Frederic Forrest, Teri Garr, Harrison Ford
• Conversation Piece, directed by Luchino Visconti, starring Burt Lancaster –
• Crazy Joe, starring Peter Boyle, Paula Prentiss, Eli Wallach
• The Crazy World of Julius Vrooder, starring Timothy Bottoms and Barbara Hershey

  D

• Daisy Miller, directed by Peter Bogdanovich, starring Cybill Shepherd and Barry Brown
• Dark Star, directed by John Carpenter, starring Dan O'Bannon
• Death Wish, directed by Michael Winner, starring Charles Bronson, Vincent Gardenia, Hope Lange
• The Deluge –
• Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry, starring Peter Fonda and Susan George
• Dost, starring Dharmendra –
• Drama of the Rich, starring Giancarlo Giannini and Catherine Deneuve –

  E

• Earthquake, directed by Mark Robson, starring Charlton Heston, Ava Gardner, George Kennedy, Richard Roundtree, Geneviève Bujold, Victoria Principal
• Edvard Munch –
• Effi Briest, directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, starring Hanna Schygulla –
• Electra, My Love, directed by Miklós Jancsó –
• Emmanuelle, starring Sylvia Kristel –
• The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser, directed by Werner Herzog –

  F

• F for Fake, directed by and starring Orson Welles –
• Female Trouble, directed by John Waters, starring Divine
• Five Shaolin Masters, directed by Chang Cheh –
• Flesh for Frankenstein, directed by Paul Morrissey
• For Pete's Sake, starring Barbra Streisand
• The Four Musketeers, starring Michael York, Oliver Reed, Frank Finlay, Richard Chamberlain –
• Foxy Brown, starring Pam Grier
• Freebie and the Bean, starring James Caan and Alan Arkin
• The Front Page, directed by Billy Wilder, starring Jack Lemmon, Walter Matthau, Susan Sarandon, Carol Burnett

  G

• The Gambler, directed by Karel Reisz, starring James Caan, Lauren Hutton, Paul Sorvino
• Gavaznha –
• , a documentary film by Barbet Schroeder –
• Ginger in the Morning, starring Sissy Spacek
• The Girl from Petrovka, starring Goldie Hawn, Hal Holbrook, Anthony Hopkins
• The Godfather Part II, directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Al Pacino, Robert Duvall, Robert De Niro, John Cazale, Diane Keaton, Talia Shire, Michael V. Gazzo, Lee Strasberg
• Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla, directed by Jun Fukuda –
• Going Places, directed by Bertrand Blier, starring Gérard Depardieu, Miou-Miou, Jeanne Moreau –
• Gold, starring Roger Moore and Susannah York
• Golden Needles, starring Joe Don Baker and Elizabeth Ashley
• The Golden Voyage of Sinbad, starring John Phillip Law and Tom Baker with special effects by Ray Harryhausen –
• Gone in 60 Seconds, directed by and starring H. B. Halicki
• Great Expectations, starring Michael York, Sarah Miles, James Mason –
• The Great Gatsby, directed by Jack Clayton, starring Robert Redford, Mia Farrow, Sam Waterston, Bruce Dern, Lois Chiles, Karen Black
• La Gueule ouverte, directed by Maurice Pialat –

  H

• Harry and Tonto, directed by Paul Mazursky, starring Art Carney, Herbert Berghof, Larry Hagman, Ellen Burstyn
• Hearts and Minds, directed by Peter Davis – Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature
• Herbie Rides Again, starring Helen Hayes, Stefanie Powers, Ken Berry
• Heroes Two, directed by Chang Cheh –
• The Holy Office –
• The Homeless –
• Hotel Angel –

  I

• The Internecine Project, starring James Coburn and Lee Grant –
• The Island at the Top of the World, starring David Hartman
• It's Alive, starring John P. Ryan and Sharon Farrell

  J

• Jáchyme, hoď ho do stroje! –
• Jock Petersen, starring Jack Thompson –
• Journey Back to Oz
• Juggernaut, starring Richard Harris, Omar Sharif, Anthony Hopkins –
• A Jungle Book of Regulations –

  K

• Karafuto 1945 Summer Hyosetsu no Mon –
• The Klansman, directed by Terence Young, starring Lee Marvin and Richard Burton
• Kunwara Baap, directed by and starring Mehmood –

  L

• Lacombe, Lucien, directed by Louis Malle, starring Pierre Blaise and Aurore Clément –
• , a concert film
• Lancelot du Lac, directed by Robert Bresson –
• Lenny, a biopic of Lenny Bruce, directed by Bob Fosse, starring Dustin Hoffman and Valerie Perrine
• Little House on the Prairie
• The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams, starring Dan Haggerty
• The Longest Yard, directed by Robert Aldrich, starring Burt Reynolds, Eddie Albert, Ed Lauter, Michael Conrad, Richard Kiel
• The Lords of Flatbush, starring Perry King, Sylvester Stallone, Henry Winkler
• Lost in the Stars, starring Brock Peters, Melba Moore, Clifton Davis
• Lovin' Molly, starring Blythe Danner, Anthony Perkins, Beau Bridges
• Luther, a biopic of Martin Luther, starring Stacy Keach –

  M

• Macon County Line, starring Max Baer, Jr.
• Madhouse, starring Vincent Price
• Mahler, a biopic of Gustav Mahler directed by Ken Russell –
• Majboor –
• Mame, directed by Gene Saks, starring Lucille Ball, Beatrice Arthur, Robert Preston
• Man on a Swing, directed by Frank Perry, starring Cliff Robertson, Joel Grey, Dorothy Tristan, Elizabeth Wilson, George Voskovec
• The Man Who Sleeps – – winner of the Prix Jean Vigo
• The Man with the Golden Gun, directed by Guy Hamilton, starring Roger Moore, with Christopher Lee and Britt Ekland –
• The Mark of Zorro
• The Marseille Contract, starring Michael Caine, James Mason, Anthony Quinn
• Mashti Mamdali's Car by Reza Fazeli
• McQ, directed by John Sturges, starring John Wayne, Al Lettieri, Eddie Albert, Clu Gulager, Colleen Dewhurst, Diana Muldaur
• Le meravigliose avventure di Zorro
• The Middle of the World –
• The Midnight Man, directed by and starring Burt Lancaster, with Susan Clark, Cameron Mitchell, Ed Lauter
• The Missiles of October, made for TV, directed by Anthony Page, starring William Devane, Martin Sheen, Ralph Bellamy, Howard Da Silva, James Hong
• Mr. Majestyk, directed by Richard Fleischer, starring Charles Bronson, Linda Cristal, Al Lettieri
• Murder on the Orient Express, directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Albert Finney, Lauren Bacall, Sean Connery, Vanessa Redgrave, Ingrid Bergman, John Gielgud, Anthony Perkins, Richard Widmark –
• My Little Loves'' –

  N

• Newman's Law, starring George Peppard
• The Night of the Scarecrow –
• The Night Porter, directed by Liliana Cavani, starring Dirk Bogarde and Charlotte Rampling –
• The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat, an adult animated film

  O

• The Odessa File, directed by Ronald Neame, starring Jon Voight, Maximilian Schell, Maria Schell –
• One or the Other of Us, directed by Wolfgang Petersen, starring Jürgen Prochnow –
• Les Ordres, starring Jean Lapointe –

  P

• Parade, directed by and starring Jacques Tati –
• The Parallax View, directed by Alan J. Pakula, starring Warren Beatty, Hume Cronyn, William Daniels, Paula Prentiss
• –
• A Peasant on a Bicycle, directed by Lyudmil Kirkov, starring Georgi Georgiev-Getz and Georgi Rusev –
• The Phantom of Liberty, directed by Luis Buñuel –
• Phantom of the Paradise, directed by Brian De Palma, starring Paul Williams and Jessica Harper
• Phase IV, directed by Saul Bass, starring Michael Murphy and Nigel Davenport
• La prima Angélica, directed by Carlos Saura –

  Q

• QB VII, mini-series for TV, starring Anthony Hopkins, Ben Gazzara, Lee Remick, Leslie Caron

  R

• The Red Snowball Tree –
• The Rehearsal, directed by and starring Jules Dassin with Olympia Dukakis –
• Report to the Commissioner, starring Michael Moriarty and Yaphet Kotto
• Return of the Street Fighter –
• Rhinoceros, starring Gene Wilder and Zero Mostel

  S

• Sandakan No. 8 –
• The Sannikov Land –
• Scent of a Woman, directed by Dino Risi, starring Vittorio Gassman –
• Sister Street Fighter –
• –
• Son of Dracula, starring Harry Nilsson and Ringo Starr –
• The Spikes Gang, directed by Richard Fleischer, starring Lee Marvin, Ron Howard, Gary Grimes, Charles Martin Smith
• S*P*Y*S, starring Donald Sutherland and Elliott Gould
• Stardust, directed by Michael Apted, starring David Essex, Adam Faith and Larry Hagman –
• Stavisky, directed by Alain Resnais, starring Jean-Paul Belmondo –
• Still Life –
• Stone, a cult Australian film
• The Street Fighter, starring Sonny Chiba –
• The Street Fighter's Last Revenge –
• The Sugarland Express, directed by Steven Spielberg, starring Goldie Hawn, William Atherton, Ben Johnson
• The Super Cops, directed by Gordon Parks, starring Ron Leibman, David Selby, Sheila Frazier, Pat Hingle, Dan Frazer
• Sweet Movie, directed by Dušan Makavejev –
• Swept Away, starring Giancarlo Giannini and Mariangela Melato –
• Symptoms, starring Angela Pleasence –

  T

• The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, directed by Joseph Sargent, starring Walter Matthau, Robert Shaw, Martin Balsam, Héctor Elizondo, Jerry Stiller
• The Tamarind Seed, directed by Blake Edwards, starring Julie Andrews and Omar Sharif –
• The Terminal Man, starring George Segal and Joan Hackett
• The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, directed by Tobe Hooper, starring Marilyn Burns
• That's Entertainment!, a documentary directed by Jack Haley, Jr., featuring Frank Sinatra, Fred Astaire, Gene Kelly, Elizabeth Taylor, Bing Crosby, Mickey Rooney, Liza Minnelli
• Thieves Like Us, directed by Robert Altman, starring Keith Carradine and Shelley Duvall
• Thunderbolt and Lightfoot, directed by Michael Cimino, starring Clint Eastwood and Jeff Bridges
• Torkaman by Amir Shervan
• The Towering Inferno, starring Steve McQueen, Paul Newman, William Holden, Faye Dunaway, Jennifer Jones, Robert Wagner, O. J. Simpson, Fred Astaire
• Three Tough Guys, starring Lino Ventura, Fred Williamson, Isaac Hayes
• Truck Turner, starring Isaac Hayes
• The Traveler, directed by Abbas Kiarostami –

  U

• The Ultimate Thrill, starring Barry Brown and Britt Ekland

  V

• Vampyres, starring Marianne Morris and Anulka –
• Vase de Noces, directed by Thierry Zéno –

  W

• We All Loved Each Other So Much, directed by Ettore Scola, starring Stefania Sandrelli and Vittorio Gassman –
• Weighed But Found Wanting –
• When the North Wind Blows, starring Dan Haggerty
• Where the Lilies Bloom, starring Harry Dean Stanton
• The White Dawn, starring Warren Oates, Louis Gossett, Jr., Timothy Bottoms –
• Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too
• A Woman Under the Influence, directed by John Cassavetes, starring Gena Rowlands and Peter Falk

  Y

• Young Frankenstein, directed by Mel Brooks, starring Gene Wilder, Marty Feldman, Teri Garr, Cloris Leachman, Madeline Kahn, Peter Boyle

  Z

• Zandy's Bride, starring Gene Hackman and Liv Ullmann
• Zardoz, starring Sean Connery and Charlotte Rampling –

  1974 film releases

January–March

• January 1974
• *4 January
• **McQ
• *21 January
• **Luther
• **Rhinoceros
• *28 January
• **Black Belt Jones
• February 1974
• *2 February
• **The Street Fighter
• *6 February
• **Zardoz
• *7 February
• **Blazing Saddles
• *11 February
• **Thieves Like Us
• *15 February
• **Crazy Joe
• *22 February
• **Alien Thunder
• *27 February
• **Busting
• **Man on a Swing
• March 1974
• *7 March
• **Billy Two Hats
• *14 March
• **Alice in Wonderland
• *20 March
• **The Super Cops
• *21 March
• **Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla –
• *27 March
• **Conrack
• **Mame
• *28 March
• **John Carpenter's directoral debut, Dark Star, limited to Los Angeles' International Film Exposition, aka 'Filmex'.
• *29 March
• **The Great Gatsby

  April–June

• April 1974
• *5 April
• **The Golden Voyage of Sinbad
• **The Sugarland Express
• **Foxy Brown
• *7 April
• **Captain Kronos – Vampire Hunter
• **The Conversation
• *10 April
• **Thomasine & Bushrod
• *14 April
• **Lovin' Molly
• *22 April
• **Claudine
• *29 April
• **The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz
• **The Spikes Gang
• May 1974
• *1 May
• **The Lords of Flatbush
• *2 May
• **Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell
• *17 May
• **Alice in the Cities
• **The Black Windmill
• **Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry
• **That's Entertainment!
• *19 May
• **Zandy's Bride
• *22 May
• **Chosen Survivors
• **Daisy Miller
• **Thunderbolt and Lightfoot
• June 1974
• *6 June
• **Birds Do It, Bees Do It
• **Herbie Rides Again
• *14 June
• **The Midnight Man
• **The Parallax View
• *20 June
• **Chinatown
• *21 June
• **The Terminal Man
• *26 June
• **The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat
• **For Pete's Sake
• **Truck Turner
• *28 June
• **The Gravy Train
• **S*P*Y*S

  July–September

• July 1974
• *12 July
• **Mr. Majestyk
• **The Take
• *17 July
• **The Mad Adventures of Rabbi Jacob
• **The Education of Sonny Carson
• **Golden Needles
• *21 July
• **The White Dawn
• *24 July
• **Death Wish
• **Gone in 60 Seconds
• *26 July
• **Uptown Saturday Night
• *31 July
• **Bank Shot
• **The Bears and I
• August 1974
• *2 August
• **The Castaway Cowboy
• *7 August
• **California Split
• **Together Brothers
• **Way of the Dragon
• *8 August
• **Macon County Line
• *12 August
• **Harry and Tonto
• *14 August
• **Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia
• *21 August
• **The Longest Yard
• **Newman's Law
• *22 August
• **The Girl from Petrovka
• *30 August
• **99 and 44/100% Dead
• **Amazing Grace
• September 1974
• *6 September
• **Phase IV
• *14 September
• **The Dove
• *19 September
• **Big Bad Mama
• *20 September
• **Nightmare Honeymoon
• *25 September
• **The Mutations
• **Juggernaut
• *25 September
• **11 Harrowhouse

  October–December

• October 1974
• The House on Skull Mountain
• *1 October
• **The Texas Chain Saw Massacre
• *2 October
• **The Gambler
• **The Taking of Pelham One Two Three
• *9 October
• **Shanks
• *17 October
• **Benji
• *18 October
• **It's Alive
• **The Odessa File
• **A Woman Under the Influence
• **Airport 1975
• *25 October
• **The Klansman
• *31 October
• **Phantom of the Paradise
• **The Four Musketeers
• November 1974
• *1 November
• **Open Season
• *7 November
• **The Little Prince
• *8 November
• **Confessions of a Window Cleaner
• *13 November
• **The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams
• **The Trial of Billy Jack
• *15 November
• **The Abdication
• **Lenny
• **Earthquake
• *22 November
• **Animals Are Beautiful People
• **The Tamarind Seed
• **A Woman Under the Influence
• *29 November
• **The Phantom of Liberty
• **Murder on the Orient Express
• December 1974
• *3 December
• **Emmanuelle
• *9 December
• **Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore
• *14 December
• **The Towering Inferno
• *15 December
• **Young Frankenstein
• *18 December
• **The Front Page
• *20 December
• **The Godfather Part II
• **Seven Alone
• **The Man with the Golden Gun
• **The Island at the Top of the World
• **Black Christmas
• *25 December
• **Abby
• **Freebie and the Bean

  Births

• January 5 – Daisy Bates, English actress
• January 10 – Hrithik Roshan, Indian actor
• January 24 – Ed Helms, American actor and comedian
• January 30 – Christian Bale, English actor
• February 4 – Urmila Matondkar, Indian actress
• February 8 – Seth Green, American actor, voice artist, comedian, producer, writer and director
• February 9
• *Erra Fazira, Malaysian actress
• *Amber Valletta, American model and actress
• February 10 – Elizabeth Banks, American actress, director, writer and producer
• February 15 – Miranda July, American filmmaker, performance artist and fiction writer
• February 16 – Mahershala Ali, American actor and rapper
• February 17
• *Jerry O'Connell, American actor
• *David Lipper, Canadian actor
• February 25 – Divya Bharti, Indian actress
• March 21 - Rhys Darby, New Zealand actor, comedian and voice actor
• March 24 – eva mendes, American actress
• March 24 – Alyson Hannigan, American actress
• April 24 – Jennifer Paz, Filipino actress
• April 26 – Ivana Miličević, American actress
• April 28 – Penélope Cruz, Spanish actress
• May 7 – Breckin Meyer, American actor, voice actor, writer, producer and drummer
• May 15 – Russell Hornsby, American actor
• May 21 – Fairuza Balk, American actress
• June 20 – Lenin M. Sivam, Sri Lankan-Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter
• June 23 – Joel Edgerton, Australian actor
• June 25 – Karisma Kapoor, Indian actress
• July 8 – Tami Erin, American actress
• July 22 – Franka Potente, German actress
• July 30 – Hilary Swank, American actress
• August 5 – Kajol, Indian actress
• August 7 – Michael Shannon, American actor
• August 15 – Natasha Henstridge, Canadian actress
• August 20
• *Amy Adams, American actress
• *Misha Collins, American actor
• August 23 – Ray Park, English actor
• September 10 – Ryan Phillippe, American actor
• September 18 - Xzibit, American rapper, actor and boradcaster
• September 19 – Victoria Silvstedt, Swedish actress and model
• October 17 – Matthew Macfadyen, English actor
• October 20 – Brian Limond, Scottish comedian, actor and writer
• October 28 – Joaquin Phoenix, American actor
• November 4 – Matthew Rhys, Welsh actor
• November 10 – Simone Singh, Indian actress
• November 11 – Leonardo DiCaprio, American actor
• November 16 – Chloë Sevigny, American actress
• November 17 – Leslie Bibb, American actress and model
• November 21 – Tiit Sukk, Estonian actor
• November 24 - Stephen Merchant, English comedian, actor, writer, director and presenter
• December 1 – Erica Rivas, Argentinian actress
• December 7 – Habieb Naseer, Indian director
• December 17
• *Sarah Paulson, American actress
• *Giovanni Ribisi, American actor

  Notable deaths

Film debuts

• Armand Assante – The Lords of Flatbush
• Chevy Chase – The Groove Tube
• Jeff Goldblum – Death Wish
• Edward James Olmos – Black Fist
• Joe Pantoliano – Road Movie
• John Rhys-Davies – The Black Windmill
• Fred Ward – Ginger in the Morning
• Henry Winkler – Crazy Joe