20th century in literature


of the 20th century refers to world literature produced during the 20th century.
In terms of the Euro-American tradition, the main periods are captured in the bipartite division, Modernist literature and Postmodern literature, flowering from roughly 1900 to 1940 and 1960 to 1990 respectively, divided, as a rule of thumb, by World War II. The somewhat malleable term of contemporary literature is usually applied with a post-1960 cut off point.
Although these terms are most applicable to Western literary history, the rise of the globalization has allowed European literary ideas to spread into non-Western cultures fairly rapidly, so that Asian and African literatures can be included into these divisions with only minor qualifications. And in some ways, such as in Postcolonial literature, writers from non-Western cultures were on the forefront of literary development.
Technological advances during the 20th century allowed cheaper production of books, resulting in a significant rise in production of popular literature and trivial literature, comparable to the similar developments in music. The division of "popular literature" and "high literature" in the 20th century is by no means absolute, and various genres such as detectives or science fiction fluctuate between the two. Largely ignored by mainstream literary criticism for the most of the century, these genres developed their own establishments and critical awards; these include the Nebula Award, the British Fantasy Award or the Mythopoeic Awards.
Towards the end of the 20th century, electronic literature developed due to the development of hypertext and later the world wide web.
The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded annually throughout the century, the first laureate being Sully Prudhomme. The New York Times Best Seller list has been published since 1942.
The best-selling literary works of the 20th century are estimated to be The Lord of the Rings, Le Petit Prince, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone and And Then There Were None.
The Lord of the Rings was also voted "book of the century" in various surveys.
Perry Rhodan proclaimed as the best-selling book series, with an estimated total of 1 billion copies sold.

1901–18

The Fin de siècle movement of the Belle Époque persisted into the 20th century, but was brutally cut short with the outbreak of World War I. The Dada movement of 1916-1920 was at least in part a protest against the bourgeois nationalist and colonialist interests which many Dadaists believed were the root cause of the war; the movement heralded the Surrealism movement of the 1920s.
1900
Genre fiction
1901
Genre fiction
1902
Genre fiction
Plays
1903
Genre fiction
1904
Genre fiction
Plays
1905
1906
Genre fiction
Plays
1907
Genre fiction
Plays
Poetry
1908
Genre fiction
Poetry
1909
Poetry
Plays
1910
1911
Genre fiction
1912
Genre fiction
Plays
1913
Genre fiction
Poetry
1914
Poetry
1915
Genre fiction
1916
Genre fiction
Poetry
1917
Poetry
1918
Poetry
Non-fiction
The 1920s were a period of literary creativity, and works of several notable authors appeared during the period. D. H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover was a scandal at the time because of its explicit descriptions of sex. James Joyce's novel, Ulysses, published in 1922 in Paris, was one of the most important achievements of literary modernism.
1919
Genre fiction
1920
Plays
1921
Plays
1922
Poetry
1923
Plays
Poetry
1924
Genre fiction
Plays
1925
Genre fiction
Poetry
Non-fiction
1926
Genre fiction
Poetry
Plays
Non-fiction
1927
Plays
  • The Silver Tassie by Seán O'Casey
1928
Plays
  • Strange Interlude by Eugene O'Neill - Pulitzer prize winner
  • Messrs. Glembay by Miroslav Krleža
Non-fiction
1929
Non-fiction
  • Good-Bye to All That by Robert Graves
  • A Room of One's Own by Virginia Woolf
Genre fiction
  • Red Harvest by Dashiell Hammett - the first hard-boiled American detective novel
1930
  • Vile Bodies by Evelyn Waugh
  • The Apes of God by Wyndham Lewis
  • Brief Candles by Aldous Huxley - short stories
  • As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner
  • Narcissus and Goldmund by Hermann Hesse
  • Angel Pavement by J. B. Priestley
  • The Virgin and the Gypsy and Love Among the Haystacks by D. H. Lawrence - short stories
Genre fiction
  • Last and First Men by Olaf Stapledon
  • The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett
Poetry
Plays
  • Private Lives by Noël Coward
Non-fiction
1931
Genre fiction
  • The Glass Key by Dashiell Hammett
  • At the Mountains of Madness by H. P. Lovecraft
Plays
  • Mourning Becomes Electra by Eugene O'Neill
  • Cavalcade by Noël Coward
Non-fiction
1932
  • The Return of Philip Latinowicz by Miroslav Krleža
  • Journey to the End of Night by Louis-Ferdinand Céline
  • Brave New World by Aldous Huxley
  • The Memorial by Christopher Isherwood
  • Laughter in the Dark by Vladimir Nabokov
  • Light in August by William Faulkner
  • A Glastonbury Romance by John Cowper Powys
  • Stamboul Train by Graham Greene
  • Black Mischief by Evelyn Waugh
  • Radetzky March by Joseph Roth
  • Jew Boy by Simon Blumenfeld
Poetry
  • The Orators by W. H. Auden
1933
Genre fiction
  • Lost Horizon by James Hilton
  • Murder Must Advertise by Dorothy L. Sayers
Non-fiction
1934
  • Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller - a groundbreaking obscenity case before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1961 allowed its publication there
  • Call It Sleep by Henry Roth
  • Tender Is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald
  • Threepenny Novel by Bertolt Brecht
  • Despair by Vladimir Nabokov
  • It's a Battlefield by Graham Greene
  • A Handful of Dust by Evelyn Waugh
  • 20,000 Streets Under the Sky by Patrick Hamilton
  • Voyage in the Dark by Jean Rhys
  • Appointment in Samarra by John O'Hara
  • A Scots Quair by Lewis Grassic Gibbon - trilogy, first volume published in 1932
Genre fiction
Poetry
Non-fiction
  • Burmese Days by George Orwell
  • Death in the Afternoon by Ernest Hemingway
1935
  • Mr Norris Changes Trains by Christopher Isherwood
  • Eyeless in Gaza by Aldous Huxley
  • Auto-da-Fe by Elias Canetti
  • A Clergyman's Daughter by George Orwell
  • England Made Me by Graham Greene
  • A House in Paris by Elizabeth Bowen
  • Tortilla Flat by John Steinbeck
  • Studs Lonigan by James T. Farrell - trilogy, first volume published in 1932
Genre fiction
Poetry
Plays
1936
  • Death on the Installment Plan by Louis-Ferdinand Céline
  • Black Spring by Henry Miller
  • U.S.A. by John Dos Passos
  • Mephisto by Klaus Mann
  • Absalom, Absalom! by William Faulkner
  • Keep the Aspidistra Flying by George Orwell
  • Confession of a Murderer by Joseph Roth
  • Invitation to a Beheading by Vladimir Nabokov
  • The Wessex Novels by John Cowper Powys - tetralogy, 1st vol published in 1927
  • Godaan by Premchand
Poetry
  • Ballads of Petrica Kerempuh by Miroslav Krleža
Genre fiction
1937
  • To Have and Have Not by Ernest Hemingway
  • The Years by Virginia Woolf
  • Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck
  • Lions and Shadows by Christopher Isherwood
  • The Black Book by Lawrence Durrell
  • Ferdydurke by Witold Gombrowicz
  • Revenge for Love by Wyndham Lewis
  • White Mule by William Carlos Williams
  • Wide Boys Never Work by Robert Westerby
Genre fiction
  • Star Maker by Olaf Stapledon
  • Night and the City by Gerald Kersh
  • The Face on the Cutting-Room Floor by Cameron McCabe
  • The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien
Non-fiction
  • The Road to Wigan Pier by George Orwell
  • How Green Was My Valley by Richard Llewellyn
1938
  • Nausea by Jean-Paul Sartre
  • Murphy by Samuel Beckett
  • Tropic of Capricorn by Henry Miller
  • Man's Hope by André Malraux
  • The Death of the Heart by Elizabeth Bowen
  • Brighton Rock by Graham Greene
  • Scoop by Evelyn Waugh
  • The Gift by Vladimir Nabokov
Genre fiction
  • Brighton Rock by Graham Greene
  • Rebecca by Daphne du Maurier
Non-fiction
  • Journey to a War by W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood
  • Homage to Catalonia by George Orwell
  • Enemies of Promise by Cyril Connolly
1939
Genre fiction
Poetry
Plays
1940
Genre fiction
Plays
Non-fiction
1941
Genre fiction
Non-fiction
1942
Plays
1943
Genre fiction
Poetry
Non-fiction
1944
Plays
1945
Genre fiction
1946
Poetry
Plays
Non-fiction
1947
Plays
Non-fiction
1948
Genre fiction
Plays
Non-fiction
Genre fiction
Plays
The intermediate postwar period separating "Modernism" from "Postmodernism" is the floruit of the beat generation and the classical science fiction of Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke and Robert A. Heinlein. This period also saw the publication of Samuel Beckett's trilogy of novels, Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unnameable, which enacted the dissolution of the self-identical human subject and inspired later novelists such as Thomas Bernhard, John Banville, and David Markson.
1950
Plays
Genre fiction
Non-fiction
1951
Plays
Non-fiction
1952
Genre fiction
Plays
1953
Genre fiction
Plays
1954
Genre fiction
Plays
Non-fiction
1955
Genre fiction
Plays
Poetry
1956
Genre fiction
Plays
Poetry
Non-fiction
1957
Genre fiction
Plays
Poetry
1958
Genre fiction
Plays
Non-fiction
1959
Genre fiction
Plays
1960
Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction
1961
Genre fiction
1962
Genre fiction
Non-fiction
1963
Genre fiction
Non-fiction
1964
Genre fiction
Non-fiction
1965
Genre fiction
Plays
Poetry
Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction
1966
Genre fiction
Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction
1967
Non-fiction
1968
  • Cocksure by Mordecai Richler
  • Couples by John Updike
  • The Public Image by Muriel Spark
  • Lunar Caustic by Malcolm Lowry - posthumous
  • The Abyss by Marguerite Yourcenar
Non-fiction and quasi-fiction
1969
  • Portnoy's Complaint by Philip Roth
  • The French Lieutenant's Woman by John Fowles
  • A Void by Georges Perec
  • Passacaille by Robert Pinget
  • Dark as the Grave wherein my Friend is Laid by Malcolm Lowry - posthumous
Genre fiction
Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction
1970
  • Play It as It Lays by Joan Didion
  • Mr. Sammler's Planet by Saul Bellow
  • October Ferry to Gabriola by Malcolm Lowry - posthumous
Genre fiction
  • The Hot Rock by Donald E. Westlake
  • Deliverance by James Dickey
Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction
1971
Genre fiction
Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction
  • The Happy Hooker by Xaviera Hollander
  • Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thompson
1972
Genre fiction
  • The Friends of Eddie Coyle by George V. Higgins
  • Jonathan Livingston Seagull by Richard Bach
  • The Odessa File by Frederick Forsyth
Poetry
1973
  • Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon
  • Crash by J. G. Ballard
  • Season of Anomy by Wole Soyinka
  • Life Is Elsewhere by Milan Kundera
  • Sweet Dreams by Michael Frayn
  • Fear of Flying by Erica Jong
  • The Great American Novel by Philip Roth
Genre fiction
  • Frankenstein Unbound by Brian Aldiss
1974
Genre fiction
Genre fiction
Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction
Poetry
1975
  • Humboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow
  • The Deptford Trilogy by Robertson Davies - first volume published 1970
  • Dead Babies by Martin Amis
  • The Autumn of the Patriarch by Gabriel García Márquez
  • The History Man by Malcolm Bradbury
  • The Periodic Table by Primo Levi - short stories
Genre fiction
1976
Genre fiction
Non-fiction and quasi-fiction
Drama
  • Death and the King's Horseman by Wole Soyinka
1977
1978
Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction
Genre fiction
1979
Non-fiction and Quasi-fiction
1980
1981
Genre fiction
Non-fiction
1982
Genre fiction
1983
Genre fiction
1984
Non-fiction
1985
Genre fiction
1986
Non-fiction
1987
Genre fiction
1988
Genre fiction
1989
1990
Genre fiction
1991
1994
1996
1997
Genre fiction