AIBO


AIBO is a series of robotic dogs designed and manufactured by Sony. Sony announced a prototype Aibo in mid-1998. The first consumer model was introduced on 11 May 1999. New models were released every year until 2006. Although most models were dogs, other inspirations included lion-cubs or huskies/jack-russel terrier/bull terrier, and space explorer, and only the ERS-7 version, ERS-110/111 and ERS-1000 versions was explicitly a "robotic dog", but the 210 can also be considered a dog due to its jack-russel terrier appearance and cute puppy face.
In 2006, AIBO was added into the Carnegie Mellon University Robot Hall of Fame.
On 26 January 2006 Sony announced that it would discontinue AIBO and several other products in an effort to make the company more profitable. Sony's AIBO customer support was withdrawn gradually, with support for the final ERS-7M3 ending in March 2013.
In July 2014, Sony stopped providing repairs for AIBO products and did not provide customer support or repair for the older AIBO robots.
In November 2017, Sony announced a new generation of AIBO after 11 years. The fourth generation model, ERS-1000, was launched in Japan on 11 January 2018. The second lottery sale was set on 6 February 2018.

History

AIBO grew out of Sony's Computer Science Laboratory. Founded in 1990, CSL was set up to emulate the innovation center at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. CSL's first product was the Aperios operating system, later to form the base software some AIBO models used. When Nobuyuki Idei became president of Sony in 1995, he sought to adopt a digital agenda, reflected in the new motto he gave the company, “Digital Dream Kids,” and the prominence he gave to CSL.
Dr. Toshitada Doi is credited as AIBO's original progenitor: in 1994 he had started work on robots with artificial intelligence expert Masahiro Fujita within CSL. Fujita would write that the robot's behaviors will need to “be sufficiently complex or unexpected so that people keep an interest in watching or taking care of it”. Fujita argued that entertainment robots might be viable as "A robot for entertainment can be effectively designed using various state-of-the-art technologies, such as speech recognition and vision, even though these technologies may not be mature enough for applications where they perform a critical function. While there exists special and difficult requirements in entertainment applications themselves, limited capabilities in the speech and vision systems may turn out to be an interesting and attractive feature for appropriately designed entertainment robots." His early monkey-like prototype "MUTANT" included behaviors that would become part of AIBOs including tracking a yellow ball, shaking hands, karate strikes and sleeping. Fujita would later receive the IEEE Inaba Technical Award for Innovation Leading to Production for "AIBO, the world's first mass-market consumer robot for entertainment applications".
A friend of Doi's, the artist Hajime Sorayama, was enlisted to create the initial designs for the AIBO's body. Those designs are now part of the permanent collections of Museum of Modern Art and the Smithsonian Institution. The first generation AIBO design won Japan's prestigious "Good Design Award, Grand Prize" and a special Intelligent Design award in the 2000 German Red Dot awards.
In 1997 Doi received backing from Idei to form Sony's Digital Creatures Lab. Believing that robots would be commonplace in households by 2010, but aware of the shortcomings of available technology for functional uses, he decided to focus on robots for entertainment. The AIBO responded to over 100 voice commands and talked in a tonal language, or talked like a human and made other noises if programmed to. Two of the first generation AIBOs exported into the USA came to New York, NY and one remains in the archives and display at Artspace Company Y LLC.
Later models of AIBOs were designed jointly with prestigious Japanese designers, and continued to gain design awards. The ERS-210 design was inspired by lion cubs. The bodies of the "ERS-3x" series were designed by visual artist Katsura Moshino winning the "Good Design Award" The sleek and futuristic, space-exploration inspired body of the "ERS-220" was designed by Shoji Kawamori. winning the "Good Design Award" and a "Design for Asia" award. The ERS-7 Also won a "Good Design Award".
Almost ten years later, Idei's successor, Howard Stringer closed down AIBO and other robotic projects. Doi then staged a mock funeral, attended by more than 100 colleagues from Sony. At the funeral, Doi said that the Aibo was a symbol of a risk-taking spirit at Sony that was now dead.
In November 2017, Sony Corporation announced that AIBO would return with a new model that would be capable of forming an emotional bond with users.

Models

Prototypes

Several prototypes have been displayed by Sony. Early models were insect-like with six legs. The specifications and design of the 1998 prototype, described in a Sony press release, closely match those of the first generation AIBOs. Differences include the use of PC-Cards for memory, the use of two batteries, and the option to use a 2-wheeled "rolling module" in place of legs.

First generation models (11x)

ERS-110

The first commercially available AIBO. It has a beagle-like appearance. Sales began on 1 June 1999. There was a limited production of 3,000 for Japan and 2,000 for the USA.
They are often considered the rarest model. They were available to buy via the internet and sold out in 20 minutes after launch. It was silver with a golden-brown hue and grey claws.
ERS-110 cost 250,000 yen, or US$2,500, which would convert to over $3,500 as of 2020.

ERS-111

The ERS-111 was an improved version of the original AIBO, initially released in November 1999. 40,000 units in total. Same price as ERS-110.
It looks similar to ERS-110, but with different ear/tail shapes and different capabilities. It was available in a shiny silver with black claws or a metallic black color.

Second generation models (2x0)

ERS-210

The ERS-210 was designed to look like a lion cub, but is really a dog with a flat bull terrier face and jack-russel appearance. It has speech recognition capabilities. The colours were black, silver, gold, red, blue, green, white.
It is the most common and most popular AIBO model, and sold over 65,000 units. It cost around $1,500 at launch and eventually went down to less than $1,000.

ERS-220

Silver. Headlights and LED near future-oriented design based on the concept of space exploration robot by Shoji Kawamori.
It is nearly identical to the ERS-210 besides in outer shell. It sold around 5,000 to 7,000 units.
Remote operation is possible by using the optional Wireless LAN card as well as the ERS-210 "AIBO Navigator 2". Height 29.6 cm, 1.5 kg weight, 1.5 hours continuous operation time, 2.5 hours or more operation with a re-celled battery. 16 degrees of freedom, price 180 000 yen

ERS-210A/220A

Variants of ERS-210/220. Difficult to distinguish the appearance but with improved CPU and head clutch. Displays affixed logo sticker "Super Core" at the bottom of the body. US$1299 at launch.

Third Generation Models (31x)

ERS-31x (Latte and Macaron)

The ERS-31x models had an "AIBO's heart" slogan. Original production design illustrator was Katsura Moshino. The price was 98,000 YEN, OR US$950.
The "Latte" is an off-white/cream color and is considered the "friendly" model. The "Macaron" is mostly black with cream accents and is considered the "naughty" model.
The "Pug" is the least common of the three and was $200 cheaper. The 31x series dogs are considered to look like a Bichon puppy or a bear cub.

ERS 31xB

These models are aesthetically identical to their 31x predecessors but have an added Bluetooth capability chip installed to enable communication with the "Handy viewer." The Handy Viewer was an exclusive Japanese device that would translate aibos thoughts and feelings into text, and enable the handler to play games with them. While the ERS-311 and ERS-312 received these new releases, the ERS-31L never received the Bluetooth update to their hardware.

Fourth generation models (7Mx)

Estimated sales for all ERS-7 models: 40,000 to 50,000

ERS-7

November 2003

This AIBO is regarded as the culmination of the series. The first generation of the ERS-7 Series, and also the very first Aibo to play polyphonic MIDI files with no limits. One of the first of actual "dogs" in the series, besides the 110/111, and 210. Available in white. Packaged with MIND. US$1,599 at launch. This was the first model that talked in all of its versions, not just with special software. The ERS-7 and its' variations sold around 25,000 units.

ERS-7M2

November 2004

The second generation of the ERS-7, the first actual Aibo with lead-free solder. packaged with MIND2. Available in black or white.

ERS-7 Mind 3

October 2005

The third generation of the ERS-7, but a variant of the ERS-7M2, packaged with MIND3. Another lead-free solder Aibo. Changed Wi-Fi. White, black, and champagne gold. The 7m3 version is different from the other ers 7s because they can speak both English and Japanese. You can still raise them from birth like always, but its personality is slightly modified by every single interaction it has with you and its environment. Many people think that it is the final model of aibo, but the ers-1000 is now alive.
There is virtually no difference between all 3 generations of the 7s, they are all the same, but the second and third generations have lead free solder, different software assigned for each generation that can be swapped if you wish, and on the 3rd generation, changed wi-fi. Although there is a few differences, it still is a great idea and is recommended to have all 3 generations of the 7s in your Aibo pack or toy/robot collection as they are a marvelous piece of history, and also because other people like collecting the different generations of things that usually leads to the development, or final model.

Fifth generation models

ERS-1000

January 2018
The first model to be released since the AIBO project was discontinued in 2006. Requires an always-on internet connection to function fully and comes with an LTE SIM card and monthly subscription service to support interaction and learning in the cloud. This model of aibo has a much cuter appearance than most of the other models. The ERS-1000 can recognize up to 100 faces, and can memorize a customize-able trick, and responds to over 50 voice commands.
It costs around $3,000.

QRIO

The humanoid QRIO robot was designed as the successor to AIBO, and runs the same base R-CODE and Aperios operating system.

Hardware

The initial ERS-110 AIBO's hardware includes a 64-bit RISC processor, 16 megabytes of RAM, sensors, a speaker and actuators. As the series developed, more sensors and actuators were added. Wi-Fi was available as an add on for some second-generation AIBOs. The third and final family of AIBOs, the ERS-7s, have multiple head and body sensors, clicking ear actuators, a chest-mounted proximity sensor, expressive "Illume-Face" and Wi-Fi.
All AIBOs were bundled with accessories including a charging station and pink ball toy. Late model ERS7's were bundled with a pink AIBone bone-shaped toy, playing cards and a charging station with pole and marker mat for autonomous docking.
MUTANT Prototype1998 PrototypeERS-110ERS-7ERS-1000
ProcessorIDT R3052 or R3071 ×2 @ 30 MHzMIPS 64 Bit RISC Processor64-bit RISC processor @ 50 MHzMIPS R7000 @ 576 MHz64-bit Quad-Core processor
RAM8MB8MB16MB64MB
Flash Memory2MB4MB
Moving Parts16 degrees of freedom4 legs with 3 degrees-of-freedom, 1 Head with 3 degrees-of-freedom, 1 Tail with 1 degree-of-freedom Mouth: 1 degree-of-freedom, Head: 3 degrees-of-freedom, Legs: 3 degrees-of-freedom, Tail: 2 degrees-of-freedomMouth - 1 degree of freedom, Head - 3 degrees of freedom, Leg - 3 degrees of freedom x 4 legs, Ear - 1 degree of freedom x 2, Tail - 2 degrees of freedomHead: 3-axes, Mouth: 1-axis, Neck: 1-axis, Waist: 1-axis,
Legs: 3-axes x 4,
Ear: 1-axis x 2,
Tail: 2-axes
Touch SensorsOne on head, one on each pawOne on head, one on each pawElectric Static Sensor
Pressure Sensor
Camera362 × 492 CCD camera180,000 pixels180,000 pixel color CCD camera CMOS Image Sensor 350,000 pixelsFront camera, SLAM camera
Wireless LANIEEE 802.11b IEEE 802.11b/g/n
Mobile ConnectivityNoNoNoNo4G LTE
Range FindersInfra-redOne on head, one on body
DisplayLED Lamps for expressing happiness and anger Illume Face capable of over 60 emotional and status modes, consisting of 24 LEDs, Ear : 2, Head sensor : 2, Head : 1, Back sensor : 16 2 x OLED Eye Displays
MicrophoneStereo microphoneStereo microphoneStereo microphone Stereo microphone 4 Microphones
SpeakerYesYesYesMiniature Speaker, 20.8mm、500 mWYes
Heat SensorTwoYesYes
Acceleration SensorYesYesYesYes
Angular Velocity SensorYesYes
Vibration SensorYes
Power SourceLi-ion for electric circuits Ni-Cd for motor driversOne 7.2V Rechargeable Lithium-ion Battery, One 4.8V Rechargeable Nickel-Cadmium BatteryDC7.2V 4 cell Lithium Ion Battery ERA-1001B
Energy Consumption12.6W Approx. 7W Approx. 14W
Operating TimeApprox. 1.5 hours 2.5 hours or more with a re-celled batteryApprox. 1.5 Hours 2.5 hours or more Approx 2 Hours
Charging TimeApprox. 2.5 HoursApprox. 3 Hours
Dimensions 220 × 130 × 200 mm235 X 132 X 250 mm Approx. 274 x 156 x 266 mm 319 x 180 x 278 mmApprox. 180 x 293 x 305 mm
Weight1.5 1.25 kg About 1.4 kg, About 1.6 kg Approx. 1.65 kg Approx. 2.2 kg

Software

All AIBOs are bundled with AIBOLife software giving the robot a personality, the ability to walk, "see" its environment via camera and recognize spoken commands. AIBO's sounds were programmed by Japanese DJ/avant-garde composer Nobukazu Takemura, fusing mechanic and organic concepts. The sounds in ERS-7 Mind and custom data were composed by Masaya Matsuura, a Japanese musician and game designer.

Aperios and Open-R

Aperios is Sony's Proprietary Real-Time Operating system, used in all AIBOs, QRIO and some other consumer devices. Aperios OS was intended to be widely deployed using revolutionary real-time capabilities to handle multiple audio and visual data streams concurrently The operating system was not widely adopted, and by 2003 Sony had stopped active development with COO Kunitake Ando commenting "Aperios was an operating system of a pre-Internet age and we decided that it isn't adequate for the future".
The OPEN-R architecture is specific to entertainment robots. The architecture involves the use of modular hardware components, such as appendages that can be easily removed and replaced to change the shape and function of the robots, and modular software components that can be interchanged to change their behavior and movement patterns. AIBO's creator, Doi, called OPEN-R the masterpiece of the AIBO development project, arguing it would minimize the need for programming individual movements or responses, and its "open" nature would encourage a global community of robot specialists and programmers to add capability.

AIBOware

First and second generation models of AIBO can load different software packages sold by Sony. AIBOware is the title given to the software the AIBO runs on its pink Memory Stick. The Life AIBOware allows the robot to be raised from pup to fully grown adult while going through various stages of development as its owner interacts with it. The Explorer AIBOware allows the owner to interact with a fully mature robot able to understand 100 voice commands. Without AIBOware, AIBOs run in "clinic mode" and can only perform basic actions.
Third generation ERS-7 models have a sole "Mind" software that includes capabilities of AIBOLife and other AIBOware packages. Mind software also includes a docking process, allowing ERS-7's to recharge autonomously. Upgrades in Mind2 included the AIBO Entertainment Player, a Wi-Fi based connection to a PC. Upgrades in Mind3 included speech, blogging and autonomous room mapping.
AIBO's complete vision system uses the SIFT algorithm, to recognise its charging station. The vision system is an implementation of Evolution Robotics ERVision.
Notable AIBOware Software
NameDescriptionSupported Models
AIBO Custom ManagerAllows users to load Mind with different sounds, dance routines and voices.ERS-7 Third Generation AIBOs
AIBO Entertainment PlayerAllows remote monitoring or control of AIBO Mind by a PC connected by WiFi.ERS-7 Third Generation AIBOs

Notable Third Party Software
NameDescriptionSupported Models
DogsLifeAn AIBO personality duplicating Hello-AIBO.Second Generation AIBOs
SkitterAIBO "performance" editor, allowing users to create and cause AIBO to perform skits via a PC connected the AIBO by WiFi.All
aiboplusReplacement personality to explore new ways in the artificial intelligence.ERS-7
AiboStellaiOS controller, patterned after AEP, using URBI frameworkERS-7, ERS-210, ERS-220
AIBO ControlAndroid controller, using URBI framework.ERS-7
OtherFree third party software is available from providers such as Robot App Store.Varies

AIBO Software Development Environment

Initially, access to programming capabilities was limited to Sony and organizations participating in Robocup. By reverse-engineering AIBO, users developed their own software that operated together with AIBOware such as "DiscoAibo" which made the robotic canine dance to music.
In a significant copyright milestone, Sony invoked the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in October 2001, and sent a cease-and-desist notice demanding that "Aibopet" stop distributing code that was retrieved by bypassing the copy protection mechanisms. In the face of complaints by many outraged AIBO owners, Sony backed down and subsequently released a programmer's kit for "non-commercial" use.
The kit was eventually expanded into three distinct tools: R-CODE, the OPEN-R SDK and the AIBO Remote Framework. These three tools are combined under the name AIBO Software Development Environment. All of these tools were free to download and could be used for commercial or non-commercial use.

OPEN-R SDK

The OPEN-R SDK is a C++ based programming SDK, based on open-source tools, that allows you to make software that executes on your AIBO. This SDK is considered low-level and allows you to control everything from the gain values of AIBO's actuators to retrieving AIBO's camera data and doing computer vision computations. No pre-built "standard" AIBO functionality is provided, such as it is with R-Code and AIBO Remote Framework. It is an excellent choice for researchers doing low-level robotic research.

R-CODE and R-CODE plus

R-Code is a high-level scripting language for AIBO. R-Code allows you to very easily create simple programs for AIBO to execute. While it does not allow the low-level control that the OPEN-R SDK has, what it lacks in power it makes up for in simplicity. Remoting is possible via a simple terminal socket connection via WiFi. Commercial usage is allowed, and the license fee is free.
R-CodePlus is a derivative of R-Code by AiboPet with several added functionalities. R-CodePlus is a superset of R-Code in terms of language, so everything written in standard R-Code will work on a R-CodePlus memorystick. R-CodePlus exposes some new "basic" AIBO functions such as simple face recognition, name registration, and camera adjustment settings. In addition to the standard R-Code terminal socket for remoting, R-CodePlus supplies a "Telemety" socket for several binary data transfers such as AIBO's camera image and sending/receiving sound. R-CODE has been extended to R-CODE plus by Aibopet
Aibnet offers a development environment for R-Code programming.
Simplified drag-and-drop customizing of behavior is available via the user-created YART

AIBO Remote Framework

Remotely access capabilities of AIBO MIND including behaviors and pattern recognition from a Windows PC. Same functionality used in the Aibo Entertainment Player. The AIBO Remote Framework is a Windows PC API based on Visual C++. The Framework can be used to write code that can remotely control an AIBO running MIND2 or MIND3 Aiboware via a wireless LAN. Commercial usage is allowed, and the license fee is free.

Other Development Environments

Several robot software development frameworks have been developed that support AIBOs, including URBI, Tekkotsu, and Pyro.

Current Projects

AiBO+ is a replacement personality for Sony ERS-7. The project provides an AEP-like application to connect to the robot under Ubuntu Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, iOS and Android. The owner can control the dog, play a game and see the robot state.
AIBO Control allows Android users to control AIBO ERS-7's running URBI.
The Open-R and GCC based toolchain has been updated by the community to use GCC 5.4, Binutils 2.24 and Newlib 1.15. This improvement brings the latest C++11/C++14 features and modern software to program the robot. The packaged version of the old and updated AIBO toolchain is available for Ubuntu in a PPA.

AIBOs in Education and Academia

AIBO's were used extensively in education. For example, Carnegie Mellon offered an AIBO-centred robotics course covering models of perception, cognition, and action for solving problems. Robotbenchmark also features an online simulation challenge based on an Aibo ERS-7 model called "Visual Tracking".

RoboCup Four-Legged League

The AIBO has seen much use as an inexpensive platform for artificial intelligence education and research, because it integrates a computer, vision system, and articulators in a package vastly cheaper than conventional research robots. One focal point for that development has been the Robocup Leagues.
The Four-Legged League was the initial name for the RoboCup Standard Platform League, a robot soccer league in which all teams compete with identical robots. The robots operate fully autonomously, with no external control by humans nor computers. The specific AIBO version changed over time: ERS-110s, ERS-210, ERS-210A SuperCore, ERS-7. The replacement and current standard platform is the humanoid NAO by Aldebaran Robotics.
Sony provided AIBOs, support and sponsorship to universities around the world to participate in the RoboCup autonomous soccer :Category:Robotics competitions|competition Four-Legged Robot Soccer League. Competing teams would program a team of AIBO robots to play games of autonomous robot soccer against other competing teams. The Four-Legged League ran from 1999 to 2008, although in the final year, many big-name universities did not compete as they had moved to the new NAO platform. The University of New South Wales was the most successful team in the League, making the final six times and winning three times.

International AIBO Convention

The International AIBO Convention takes place every year at Sony Robotics Tower in the Shinjuku prefecture. The first convention took place in 1999, on May 15. It was then set to May 2 to May 4. The 2009 convention, being in its tenth year, set attendance records. The convention usually features AIBO advertisements, free posters, free accessories, freeware/open-source downloads and "AIBO Shows".

Breed lineage

After model name: body color choices; release date; units sold.

First generation models

Estimated sales for all first generation models: 65,000

Second generation models

Estimated sales for all ERS-7 Aibo models: 40,000 to 50,000

Fifth generation models

The AIBO anime Piroppo was based around AIBO ERS-300s, Latte, and Macaron. The anime triggered sounds and actions from viewer's ERS-300s in media-link mode on the proper software.
The 23-episode series was broadcast on Fuji TV on Thursdays from 22:54 to 23:00 from October 11, 2001, to March 21, 2002.

In popular culture

When AIBO was introduced, The New Yorker published a cartoon by Jack Ziegler showing AIBO "urinating" nuts and bolts on a fire hydrant.
The AIBO ERS-111 was used in Janet Jackson's "Doesn't Really Matter" music video, and received increased market demand and commercial success after being featured with Jackson in the clip.
In an episode of Frasier, Frasier gives his dad an AIBO ERS-210 to keep him company while he is visiting Roz in Wisconsin. There is a scene with Eddie interacting with the AIBO, while Martin Crane complains to Sony about not being able to get it to work.
In the South Park episode "Red Sleigh Down", Cartman spends nearly the entire episode trying to get on Santa's nice list, so that he can receive a HAIBO robot doll for Christmas, in reference to the robot dog craze of the early 2000s started by AIBO. At the episode's conclusion, Stan, Kyle, and Cartman all receive their own HAIBO dog.
HAIBO is not a parody of AIBO, which is a robot made for adults and wasn't sold in stores.
Instead, this is a parody of the many spin-offs of it, most of which were made for children.
When Siri on an iOS device is asked "Do you have a pet?", one of the responses is "I used to have an AIBO. But it turned on me."
In the film CJ7, the robotic toy CJ1, is probably based on the design of AIBO and its toy knock-offs.
In the Futurama episode "Jurassic Bark", Bender is seen with a robotic dog resembling an AIBO named Robo-Puppy.
A pair of robotic dogs based on AIBO appear in Tokyo Jungle, a video game published by Sony Computer Entertainment. The very first AIBO model, ERS-110, is seen in this game, too.
An AIBO ERS-210 can be seen in the title sequence of the 2017 TV adaptation of Neil Gaiman's American Gods.
An AIBO appears in the 38th episode of Kamen Rider Zero-One, which one is owned by Amatsu Gai. As of 7/19/2020, AIBO has received an update that will allow it to interact with Kamen Rider Zero-One toys until 8/2/2020