in Portugal and Brazil are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia.
Overview
In Romance languages, the term "professor" and "teacher" translate the same thus it is used for anyone teaching at a school, institute, technical school, vocational school, college or university, regardless of the level of the subject matter taught or the level or ages of students. However, one who teaches at a university is specifically called "professor universitário", although it is also common to call university professors just "professor". As subtypes of professors the following are distinguished:
Professor catedrático or Professor titular : full professor; it is the highest faculty position
Professor associado, professor adjunto, professor auxiliar: various intermediary professorship levels, roughly equivalent to associate professor or assistant professor – not to be confounded with adjunct professors –, depending on country and if it's a state or federal university; see country-specific sections below for details
Professor substituto: a short-term contract for replacement of professors on maternity leave, sabbatical years or other temporary situations
Professor visitante: same as visiting professor; usually conducts research as an obligation from his/her contract and so is required to hold a PhD
Professor catedrático: equivalent to full professor
Professor associado: equivalent to associate professor
Professor auxiliar: equivalent to assistant professor
Both professor associado and professor auxiliar may have Agregação, an extra degree mandatory to all applicants to the rank of professor catedrático which one can apply to usually years after the PhD. Agregação is a two-day exam based on curriculum vitae evaluation and a public lecture, where the candidate is evaluated by secret vote by a large number of other full professors, in which the professors insert a white or a black sphere into a bag according to his or her decision. The three ranks of professors may also be held by invited professors, according to the rank, from outside the university. Portuguese universities still have a few other teaching staff in two ranks not holding a PhD. These two ranks were extinguished in 2009 and will vanish after all the ongoing contracts terminate in the next few years.
Assistente: equivalent to assistant lecturer, normally someone who is simultaneously earning a PhD and holding a master's degree; only teaches practical classes.
Assistente estagiário: equivalent to a junior teaching assistant. It used to be the start of the teaching career until 2009 and already extremely rare to find since the Bologna agreement. They are typically graduate students and only teach practical classes.
Academic ranks in the federal universities have been updated slightly over the years via new legislation. Since 2013, ranks are organized in five classes, containing up to four levels each:
Class E, Professor titular : equivalent to full professor
Class D, Professor associado : must hold a PhD, equivalent to associate professor
Federal university professors are public servants and as such acquire tenure automatically after an initial three-year probationary period. Salary is pre-determined for each class/level combination, increasing with rank advancement, and includes a thirteenth salary. Federal university professors are also entitled to 45-day annual leave, compensated one-third higher than the normal salary. Hiring is done through a civil service entrance examination open to anyone eligible – though normally in Portuguese, which represents a challenge for internationals– and normally leads to the bottom rank. Career advancement is achieved through progression across levels of a given class and promotion across different classes, with each step normally requiring two years of service plus approval in a performance evaluation. Faculty may expedite promotion upon tenuring thus advancing to the first level of class B or class C if they are holders of the required degrees. Advancement to the top rank requires additionally either a type of Habilitation or approval of a written document describing the applicant's professional achievements ; the evaluation process in this case is carried out by a special commission made of at least 75% of members external to the applicant's own university.
Professor titular : equivalent to full professor, the position normally requires years of academic experience and meaningful publications in international academic journals
Professor associado : must hold the title of :pt:Livre-docência|livre docente, equivalent to associate professor
Professor doutor : must hold a PhD, equivalent to assistant professor
Professor assistente : must hold a master's degree and a pedagogical preparation
Auxiliar de ensino : only a bachelor's degree is required
Research-only
More recently, permanent academic posts for researchers that do not necessarily involve teaching have appeared. Those are not to be confused with temporary graduate-level and post-doctoral research positions.
