The construction of Königsberg Castle began in 1255 during the conquest of Samland by the Teutonic Knights, part of the Prussian Crusade. An initial settlement was founded north of the castle the following year, but this was destroyed by Sambians during the 1262 Siege of Königsberg. A new fortified settlement developed south of the castle between it and the Pregel River in 1264. Landmeister Konrad von Thierberg granted the settlement Kulm rights on 12 February or 26 February 1286. Although originally named simply Königsberg, the town became known as Altstadt to differentiate it from the neighbouring Neustädte of Löbenicht and Kneiphof. Each town had its own charter, market rights, church, and fortifications. While some of the original settlers from 1256 remained to participate in the foundation of Altstadt, a greater number of burghers were brought to the region by the locator Gerko von Dobrin. Most of the newcomers were from Lübeck, Lower Saxony, and Westphalia, with others arriving from Pomerania, Mecklenburg, the Elbe basin, Silesia, and western Prussia. The majority of burghers spoke Low German, but the languages of administration were those used by the Teutonic Knights, Latin and Central German. The oldest remaining seal of Altstadt depicted King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who had led the initial conquest of Sambia and was honoured for his participation by having Königsberg named after him. Altstadt's coat of arms depicted a red crown in a white field above a white cross in a red field, with the crown honouring the Bohemian crown and the cross representing honouring the Teutonic Knights. Aside from being the colours of Bohemia, red and white also represented urban freedom. It is unknown when the coat of arms were first adopted. Two lions were added to the arms as supporters in the 17th century.
Medieval Altstadt
Altstadt, the centre of medieval Königsberg, came to be bordered by Kneiphof to the south, Lomse to the southeast, Löbenicht to the east, Königsberg Castle to the north, Steindamm and Neurossgarten to the northwest, Laak to the west, and Lastadie to the southwest. Suburbs under the jurisdiction of Altstadt included Hufen, Laak, Lastadie, Lomse, Neurossgarten, and Steindamm. Altstadt's warehouses were located in Lastadie and Lomse. Outlying villages and estates controlled by Altstadt included Kosse, Puschdorf, Stablauken, Steinbeck, Kraußen, Ottenhagen, Ratshubenhof, and Adlig Neuendorf. A wall was constructed around Altstadt from 1359-70. Because of the narrowness of the town's streets, after 1700 each newly constructed building had to be shortened by two feet to expand street width. The Holzbrücke bridge, constructed by Altstadt in 1404, connected the town to Lomse. Altstadt was connected to Kneiphof by the Krämerbrücke, the Dombrücke, and the Schmiedebrücke. A member of the Hanseatic League by 1339, Altstadt took part in the Confederation of Cologne against King Valdemar IV of Denmark in 1367.
Altstadt and Kneiphof sent representatives to the Prussian Confederation in 1440, although Löbenicht did not. As members of the Confederation, the Königsberg towns rebelled against the Teutonic Knights on 4 February 1454 at the beginning of the Thirteen Years' War and allied with King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland. The rebellion in Königsberg was supported by the merchant class and led by Altstadt's Bürgermeister, Andreas Brunau of Pomerania. Based upon the example of Danzig, Brunau hoped to turn Königsberg into an autonomous city with control over all Samland. On 19 June Brunau paid fealty to the Polish chancellor, Jan Taszka Koniecpolski. However, Brunau and his mercantile allies lost the support of Altstadt and Löbenicht on 24 March 1455 due to spontaneous opposition from craftsmen and workers, with the rebels retreating to Kneiphof. Upon the approach of the forces of Komtur Heinrich Reuß von Plauen, Brunau fled to Danzig. Plauen received homage from Altstadt on 17 April, after which he reaffirmed the town's rights. Besieged from Altstadt and Haberberg, Kneiphof surrendered to Plauen on 14 July. Decorative faces mocking Kneiphof were subsequently added to Altstadt's town hall.
Modern era
Altstadt became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. In the same year the three towns resisted the efforts of Burgfreiheit to form a proposed fourth town, Friedrichsstadt. By the Rathäusliche Reglement of 13 June 1724, King Frederick William I of Prussia merged Altstadt, Löbenicht, Kneiphof, and their respective suburbs into the united city of Königsberg. Königsberg Castle and its suburbs remained separate until the Städteordnung of Stein on 19 November 1808 during the era of Prussian reforms. Altstadt was devastated by the 1944 Bombing of Königsberg and 1945 Battle of Königsberg. Buildings which survived World War II were subsequently demolished by the Soviet Union.
