Amagat's law


Amagat's law or the Law of Partial Volumes describes the behaviour and properties of mixtures of ideal gases. Of use in chemistry and thermodynamics.

Overview

Amagat's law states that the extensive volume V = Nv of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of volumes Vi of the K component gases, if the temperature T and the pressure p remain the same:
This is the experimental expression of volume as an extensive quantity. It is named after Emile Amagat.
According to Amagat's law of partial volume, the total volume of a non-reacting mixture of gases at constant temperature and pressure should be equal to the sum of the individual partial volumes of the constituent gases. So if are considered to be the partial volumes of components in the gaseous mixture, then the total volume would be represented as:
Both Amagat's and Dalton's laws predict the properties of gas mixtures. Their predictions are the same for ideal gases. However, for real gases, the results differ. Dalton's law of partial pressures assumes that the gases in the mixture are non-interacting and each gas independently applies its own pressure, the sum of which is the total pressure. Amagat's law assumes that the volumes of the component gases are additive; the interactions of the different gases are the same as the average interactions of the components.
The interactions can be interpreted in terms of a second virial coefficient, B, for the mixture. For two components, the second virial coefficient for the mixture can be expressed as:
where the subscripts refer to components 1 and 2, the Xs are the mole fractions, and the Bs are the second virial coefficients. The cross term, B1,2, of the mixture is given by:
and
When the volumes of each component gas are very similar, then Amagat's law becomes mathematically equivalent to Vegard's law for solid mixtures.

Ideal gas mixture

When Amagat's law is valid and the gas mixture is made of ideal gases:
where:
It follows that the mole fraction and volume fraction are the same. This is true also for other equation of state.