Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages

Esperanto

• While English speakers tend to assimilate to before or, as well to before or, neither of which occurs in "strictly regular" Esperanto. However, since Zamenhof himself recognized this type of assimilation, there is debate over whether this is actually an error.
• Speakers tend to pronounce Esperanto as, the vowel of pay.
• Speakers tend to reduce unstressed vowels.
• Speakers tend to pronounce as or otherwise have a hard time pronouncing it. This sort of difficulty is behind the gradual shift from to .
• Speakers tend to pronounce the rhotic consonant as, rather than an alveolar trill. Speakers of non-rhotic accents tend to mute the r when at end of a word or before consonant.
• Other pronunciation difficulties are related to spelling pronunciations of digraphs. The digraph represents, though speakers may substitute or. The digraph represents, though speakers may mute the. The in the digraph is always pronounced.

  German

• One of the most difficult is German as it is further forward in the mouth than in varieties of Standard English so that speakers may pronounce German geht as if it were English gate.
• Similarly, speakers may pronounce German with the vowel of goat so that ohne is pronounced.
• Speakers tend to have difficulty with the front rounded vowels,,,, and .
• Speakers have some difficulty with German, which may be pronounced as or. Equally, may be pronounced as, though this is less problematic since the same realisation is also used by some native speakers.
• Speakers have difficulty with the two sounds represented by in German, particularly the latter. Often both are replaced with ; replacement of with is also common.
• Speakers may have trouble pronouncing German as a clear l in positions where it is a dark l in English.

  Mandarin Chinese

• English speakers have difficulty with the 4 lexical tones of Mandarin Chinese.

  Russian

• Some speakers have difficulty with the trilled in Russian, especially the palatalized since neither are sounds of English.
• * Non-rhotic speakers, even after learning the rolled-r, are prone to omit in such Russian words as удар and горка .
• Depending on the speaker's dialect, they may have difficulty with "dark l" in positions other than in the syllable coda.
• Difficulty with Russian vowels:
• * Most English speakers have no and speakers generally have difficulty producing the sound. They may instead produce.
• * Speakers may replace with the diphthong in day. e.g. instead of дело.
• * Speakers are likely to diphthongize, making сижу sound more like. Some speakers may also universally front it to.
• * Speakers may also diphthongize in a similar fashion, especially in open syllables.
• * Speakers may have difficulty with Russian, pronouncing it as either or.
• * It is likely that speakers will make the second element of Russian diphthongs insufficiently close, making them resemble English diphthongs or pronounce it too long.
• * Speakers may pronounce as in closed syllables так and in open syllables два.
• Speakers may also have difficulty with the Russian vowel reduction system as well as other allophonic vowels.
• * Tendency to reverse the distribution of and. English speakers tend to pronounce in the pretonic position, right where is required in Russian, while they pronounce in pre-pretonic positions, where occurs. Thus, speakers may say голова as instead of and сторона as instead of.
• There are no cues to indicate correct stress in Russian. Speakers must memorize where primary and secondary stress resides in each word and are likely to make mistakes.
• Speakers tend to fail to geminate double consonants.

  Serbo-Croatian

• Speakers may have a difficulty with Serbo-Croatian pitch accent and vowel length. This rarely leads to loss of intelligibility as long as the word stress is correct.
• * Speakers may transfer vowel length from English, producing longer vowels before voiced consonants and shorter vowels before the voiceless ones - see pre-fortis clipping. In Serbo-Croatian, vowels can be long or short in any environment; in fact, there are minimal pairs based only on length: compare grad with grad .
• * If speakers learn to produce correct vowel length, they may diphthongize long to instead of the correct.
• Speakers may incorrectly reduce unstressed vowels to, yielding pronunciations such as instead of for lepota. In Serbo-Croatian, vowels do not change their quality in unstressed positions.
• Voiced consonants can be only partially rather than fully voiced.
• * Similarly, can also be realized as a partially voiced fricative instead of a fully voiced weak fricative.
• Speakers may incorrectly realize the voiceless stops as aspirated.
• Speakers may realize as alveolar rather than dental.
• * Speakers may incorrectly transfer allophones of English to Serbo-Croatian, yielding pronunciations such as instead of for čuti or instead of for njutn, all of which sound strange to native ears and might not even be understood as belonging to the phoneme, potentially leading to a serious loss of intelligibility.
• Speakers may have a difficulty distinguishing from. This does not lead to loss of intelligibility as many natives merge them as well.
• * Speakers who try to distinguish from may realize the former with inappropriate palatalization, i.e. as palato-alveolar instead of flat postalveolar .
• * The same applies to, which can be realized as instead of.
• Speakers may realize as glottal, rather than a weak velar fricative.
• The palatal sounds may be realized as sequences.
• Instead of a trill, can be realized as a postalveolar approximant.
• preceded within the same word by a vowel can be articulated with an insufficiently raised tongue.

  Spanish

• * Substitution of for.
• "R-coloration" of vowels, especially at the end of infinitives.