Animation in the United States during the silent era


in the United States date back to at least 1906 when Vitagraph released Humorous Phases of Funny Faces. Although early animations were rudimentary they rapidly became more sophisticated with such classics as Gertie the Dinosaur in 1914, Felix the Cat, and Koko the Clown.
Originally a novelty, some early animated silents depicted magic acts or were strongly influenced by the comic strip. Later, they were distributed along with newsreels. Early animation films, like their live-action silent cousins, would come with a musical score to be played by an organist or even an orchestra in larger theatres.

History

British-American filmmaker J. Stuart Blackton was possibly the first to use animation techniques in the US for film versions of his "lightning artist" routine. The Enchanted Drawing utilized the stop trick to make drawings appear to change magically. In Humorous Phases of Funny Faces he had blackboard drawings go through series of changes and used animated cutout drawings in the same style for more fluent motion. It is regarded as the oldest known theatrically released animation on standard film.
by Winsor McCay, 1914
Following the successes of Blackton and of French animator Émile Cohl, many other artists began experimenting with animation. One such artist was Winsor McCay, who created detailed animation with painstaking attention to detail. Each frame was drawn on paper; which invariably required backgrounds and characters to be redrawn and animated. Among McCay's most noted films are
Little Nemo, Gertie the Dinosaur and The Sinking of the Lusitania.
During the 1910s larger scale animation studios were becoming the industrial norm and artists such as McCay faded from the public eye. The production of animated short films, typically referred to as "cartoons", became an industry of its own during the 1910s, and cartoon shorts were produced to be shown in movie theaters.
Around 1913 Raoul Barré developed the peg system that made it easier to align drawings by perforating two holes below each drawing and placing them on two fixed pins. He also used a "slash and tear" technique to not have to draw the complete background or other motionless parts for every frame. The parts where something needed to be changed for the next frame were carefully cut away from the drawing and filled in with the required change on the sheet below. After Barré had started his career in animation at Edison Studios, he founded one of the first film studios dedicated to animation in 1914. Barré Studio had success with the production of the adaptation of the popular comic strip
Mutt and Jeff. The studio employed several animators who would have notable careers in animation, including Frank Moser, Gregory La Cava, Vernon Stallings, Tom Norton and Pat Sullivan.
In 1914, John Bray opened John Bray Studios, which revolutionized the way animation was created. Earl Hurd, one of Bray's employees patented the cel technique. This involved animating moving objects on transparent celluloid sheets. Animators photographed the sheets over a stationary background image to generate the sequence of images. This, as well as Bray's innovative use of the assembly line method, allowed John Bray Studios to create Colonel Heeza Liar, the first animated series. Many aspiring cartoonists started their careers at Bray, including Paul Terry, Max Fleischer, and Walter Lantz. The cartoon studio operated from circa 1914 until 1928. Some of the first cartoon stars from the Bray studios were Farmer Alfalfa and Bobby Bumps.
In 1915, Max Fleischer applied for a patent for a technique that would become known as rotoscoping: the process of using live-action film recordings as a reference point to more easily create realistic animated movements. The technique was often used in the
Out of the Inkwell series for John Bray Productions. The series resulted from experimental rotoscoped images of Dave Fleischer performing as a clown, evolving into a character that would become known as Ko-Ko the Clown.
Newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst founded International Film Service in 1916. Hearst lured away most of Barré Studio's animators, with Gregory La Cava becoming the head of the studio. They produced adaptations of many comic strips from Heart's newspapers in a rather limited fashion, giving just a little motion to the characters while mainly using the dialog balloons to deliver the story. The most notable series was
Krazy Kat, with an early anthropomorphic cartoon cat character. Before the studio stopped in 1918 it had employed some new talents, including Vernon Stallings, Ben Sharpsteen, Jack King, John Foster, Grim Natwick, Burt Gillett and Isadore Klein.
The most popular cartoon series during the silent era was Australian-American film producer Pat Sullivan's Felix the Cat.
Felix the Cat first appeared in Feline Follies'' and became hugely successful throughout the 1920s. The studio later came into trouble during the advent of sound cartoons in the early 1930s when the popularity of Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse was rising above Sullivan's Felix. Sullivan tried to adapt Felix by creating Felix sound cartoons, but they failed to please audiences and Sullivan closed the studio in 1930. He died three years later due to health problems related to alcoholism.
Charles Bowers was a comedian and animator who made many bizarre films in the 1920s combining stop-motion animation and comedy. Many of them have been lost, but some have been released on DVD.

List of US animated silent films

Very incomplete list. Listed filmmakers can be creators, directors, producers, animators or complete studios. If a series was taken over by other filmmakers, not all filmmakers will be listed.
datefilmmakertitlenote
1906J. Stuart BlacktonHumorous Phases of Funny Faces
1911Winsor McCayLittle Nemocharacter Flip returned in Flip's Circus
1912Winsor McCayHow a Mosquito Operates
1913-1917, 1922-1924John Randolph BrayColonel Heeza Liar second series featured live-action/animation
1914Winsor McCayGertie the Dinosaurfollow-up Gertie on Tour survives only in fragments
1915Willis O'Brienstop motion
1915-1956Paul TerryFarmer Al Falfa produced for several studios, with sound since 1928
1915-1916International Film ServicePhables
1915-1925Bray ProductionsBobby Bumps
1916-1923, 1925-1926Barré StudioMutt and Jeff licensed from the comic strip by Bud Fisher
1916-1917, 1920-1921, 1925-1940International Film Service, Bray Productions, Winkler Pictures, Screen GemsKrazy Kat with sound since 1929
1916-1918, 1920International Film ServiceThe Katzenjammer Kids / The Shenninigan Kids
1918Winsor McCayThe Sinking of the Lusitaniaregarded as the first animated documentary
1919-1930Pat SullivanFelix the Cat with sound since 1928, revived in 1936, 1959-1962, 1988, 1997, 2001, 2004
1918-1929Dave Fleischer / Max FleischerOut of the Inkwelllive-action/animation featuring Koko the Clown
1921 Winsor McCayBug Vaudeville, The Pet, The Flying Housethree separate shorts, forming a Dream of the Rarebit Fiend anthology
1921Winsor McCayThe Cenaturssurvives only in fragments
1921John Coleman TerryJoys and Glooms
1921-1923Laugh-O-Gram Studio Laugh-O-Grams
1921–1929Walter LantzDinky Doodle
1923-1927Walt Disney & Ub IwerksAlice Comedies
1924-1926Paul TerryAesop's Fables
1923-1927Walt Disney & Ub IwerksOswald the Lucky Rabbit taken over by other studios until 1938, with sound since 1929, additional short in 1943 and cameos in other films
1925Willis O'BrienThe Lost Worldfeature with stop motion creatures

Significant distributors of animated films: Margaret J. Winkler, Charles Mintz, Educational Pictures, Red Seal Pictures, Bijou Films