Assamese alphabet


The Assamese alphabet or Assamese script, is a writing system of the Assamese language. It used to be the script of choice in the Brahmaputra valley for Sanskrit as well as other languages such as Bodo, Khasi, Mising etc. It evolved from Kamarupi script. The current form of the script has seen continuous development from the 5th-century Umachal/Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscriptions written in an eastern variety of the Gupta script, adopting significant traits from the Siddhaṃ script in the 7th century. By the 17th century three styles of Assamese script could be identified that converged to the standard script following typesetting required for printing. The present standard is identical to the Bengali alphabet except for two letters, ৰ and ৱ ; and the letter ক্ষ has evolved into an individual consonant by itself with its own phonetic quality whereas in the Bengali alphabet it is a conjugate of two letters.
The Buranjis were written during the Ahom dynasty in the Assamese language using the Assamese alphabet. In the 14th century Madhava Kandali used Assamese script to compose the famous Saptakanda Ramayana, which is the first translation of Ramayana in a regional language after Valmiki's Ramayana in Sanskrit. Later, Sankardev used it in the 15th and 16th centuries to compose his oeuvre in Assamese and Brajavali dialect, the literary language of the bhakti poems and dramas.
The Ahom king Supangmung was the first ruler who started issuing Assamese coins for his kingdom. Some similar scripts with minor differences are used to write Maithili, Bengali, Meithei and Sylheti.

History

The Umachal rock inscription of the 5th century evidences the first use of a script in the region. The script was very similar to the one used in Samudragupta's Allahabad Pillar inscription. Rock and copper plate inscriptions from then onwards, and Xaansi bark manuscripts right up to the 18th–19th centuries show a steady development of the Assamese script. The script could be said to develop proto-Assamese shapes by the 13th century. In the 18th and 19th century, the Assamese script could be divided into three varieties: Kaitheli, Bamuniya and Garhgaya —among which the Kaitheli style was the most popular, with medieval books and sattras using this style. In the early part of the 19th century, Atmaram Sarmah designed the first Assamese script for printing in Serampore, and the Bengali and Assamese lithography converged to the present standard that is used today.

Assamese symbols

Vowels

The script presently has a total of 11 vowel letters, used to represent the eight main vowel sounds of Assamese, along with a number of vowel diphthongs. All of these are used in both Assamese and Bengali, the two main languages using the script. Some of the vowel letters have different sounds depending on the word, and a number of vowel distinctions preserved in the writing system are not pronounced as such in modern spoken Assamese or Bengali. For example, the Assamese script has two symbols for the vowel sound and two symbols for the vowel sound. This redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write Sanskrit, a language that had a short and a long, and a short and a long. These letters are preserved in the Assamese script with their traditional names of hôrswô i and dirghô i, etc., despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech.
Vowel signs can be used in conjunction with consonants to modify the pronunciation of the consonant. When no vowel is written, the vowel অ is often assumed. To specifically denote the absence of a vowel, may be written underneath the consonant.
LetterName of letterVowel sign with Name of vowel signTransliterationIPA
oko
or অʼó or কʼurdho-comma
aকাakarka
hroswo iকিhôrswôikarki
dirgho iকীdirghoikarki
hroswo uকুhroswoukarku
dirgho uকূdirghoukarku
riকৃrikarkri
eকেekarkê and ke and
oiকৈôikarkoi
üকোükar
ouকৌoukarkou

Consonants

The names of the consonant letters in Assamese are typically just the consonant's main pronunciation plus the inherent vowel ô. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself. Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in Modern Assamese are called by a more elaborate name. For example, since the consonant phoneme /n/ can be written ন, ণ, or ঞ, these letters are not simply called no; instead, they are called ন dontiya no, ণ murdhoinno no, and ঞ nio. Similarly, the phoneme can be written as শ taloibbo xo, ষ murdhoinno xo, or স dontia xo, the phoneme can be written using চ prothom sô or ছ ditio so, and the phoneme can be written using জ borgia zo or য ontostho zo, depending on the standard spelling of the particular word.
LetterName of LetterTransliterationIPA
kok
khokh
gog
ghogh
uŋong
prothom sos
ditio sos
borgiya zoz
zhozh
nioy,
murdhoinno tot
murdhoinno thoth
murdhoinno dod
murdhoinno dhodh
murdhoinnya non
dontia tot
dontia thoth
dontia dod
dontia dhodh
dontia non
pop
phoph and f~
bob
bhobh and vh~
mom
ontostho zoz
Consonant Conjuncts.
Assamese or Asamiya consonants include thirty three pure consonant letters in Assamese alphabet and each letter represents a single sound with an inherent vowel, the short vowel /a /.
The first twenty-five consonants letters are called sporxo borno. These
sporxo bornos are again divided into five borgos. Therefore, these twenty-five letters are also called borgio borno.
The Assamese consonants are typically just the consonant's main pronunciation plus the inherent vowel o. The inherent vowel is assumed and not written, thus, names of most letters look identical to the letter itself.
Some letters have lost their distinctive pronunciation in modern Assamese are called by a more elaborate name. For example, since the consonant phoneme /n/ can be written ন, ণ, or ঞ, these letters are not simply called no; instead, they are called ন dointo no, ণ murdhoinno no, and ঞ nio.
Similarly, the phoneme /x/ can be written as শ taloibbo xo, ষ murdh9inno xo, or স dointo xo, the phoneme/s/ can be written using চ prothom so or ছ ditio so, and the phoneme /z/ can be written using জ borgio zo or য ontostho zo, depending on the standard spelling of the particular word.
The consonants can be arranged in following groups:
Group: 1 - Gutturals
ConsonantsPhonetics
khô
ghô
ṅgô

Group: 2 - Palatals
ConsonantsPhonetics
prôthôm sô
ditiyô sô
bôrgiya ja
jhô
ñiô

Group: 3 - Cerebrals or Retroflex
ConsonantsPhonetics
murdhôinnya ṭa
murdhôinnya ṭha
murdhôinnya ḍa
ড়daré ṛa
murdhôinnya ḍha
ঢ়dharé ṛha
murdhôinnya ṇa

Group: 4 - Dentals
ConsonantsPhonetics
dôntiya ta
khanda ṯ
dôntiya tha
dôntiya da
dôntiya dha
dôntiya na

Group: 5 - Labials
ConsonantsPhonetics
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma

Group: 6 - Semivowels
ConsonantsPhonetics
ôntôsthô zô
য়ôntôsthô ẏô
ra
la
wa

Group: 7 - Sibilants
ConsonantsPhonetics
talôibbya xô
mudhôinnya xô
dôntiya xô

Group: 8 - Aspirate
Group: 9 - Anuxāra
Group: 9 - Bixarga
Group: 10 - Candrabindu
  • The letters , , and are called usma barna
  • The letters , ৰ, ল and are called ôntôsthô barna
  • The letters ড় and ঢ় are phonetically similar to /ra/
  • The letter is articulated like 'ôntôsthô yô' in the word medial and final position. To denote the ôntôsthô ẏô, the letter য় is used in Assamese
  • ' means the consonant letter Tö without the inherent vowel

    Halant

To write a consonant without the inherent vowel the halant sign is used below the base glyph. In Assamese this sign is called haxanta.

Consonant Conjuncts

In Assamese, the combination of three consonants is possible without their intervening vowels. There are about 122 conjunct letters. A few conjunct letters are given below:

Anuxôr

Anuxôr indicates a nasal consonant sound. When an anuxar comes before a consonant belonging to any of the 5 bargas, it represents the nasal consonant belonging to that barga.

Candrabindu

Chandrabindu denotes nasalization of the vowel that is attached to it.

Bixargô

Bixargô represents a sound similar to /h /.

Consonant clusters according to Goswami

According to Dr. G. C. Goswami the number of two-phoneme clusters is 143 symbolised by 174 conjunct letters. Three phoneme clusters are 21 in number, which are written by 27 conjunct clusters. A few of them are given hereafter as examples:
Conjunct lettersTransliterationPhoneme clusters
ক + কক্ক kkô
ঙ + কঙ্ক ŋkô
ল + কল্ক lkô
স + কস্ক skô
স + ফস্ফ sphô
ঙ + খঙ্খ ŋkhô
স + খস্খ skhô
ঙ + গঙ্গ ŋgô
ঙ + ঘঙ্ঘ ŋghô
দ + ঘদ্ঘ dghô
শ + চশ্চ ssô
চ + ছচ্ছ sshô
ঞ + ছঞ্ছ ñshô
ঞ + জঞ্জ ñzô
জ + ঞজ্ঞ zñô
ল + টল্ট lṭô
ণ + ঠণ্ঠ ṇṭhô
ষ + ঠষ্ঠ ṣṭhô
ণ + ডণ্ড ṇḍô
ষ + ণষ্ণ ṣṇô
হ + নহ hnô
ক + ষক্ষ ksô
প + তপ্ত ptô
স + তস্ত stô
ক + তক্ত ktô
গ + নগ্ন gnô
ম + নম্ন mnô
শ + নশ্ন snô
স + নস্ন snô
হ + নহ্ন hnô
ত + থত্থ tthô
ন + থন্থ nthô
ষ + থষ্থ sthô
ন + দন্দ ndô
ব + দব্দ bdô
ম + পম্প mpô
ল + পল্প lpô
ষ + পষ্প spô
স + পস্প spô
ম + ফম্ফ mphô
ষ + ফস্ফ sphô
দ + বদ্ব dbô
ম + বম্ব mbô
হ + বহ্ব hbô
দ + ভদ্ভ dbhô
ম + ভম্ভ mbhô
ক + মক্ম kmô
দ + মদ্ম dmô
হ + মহ্ম hmô
ম + মম্ম mmô

Digits

Three distinct variations of Assamese script from the Bengali

Though ক্ষ is used in Bengali as a conjunct letter. Cha or Chha too has different pronunciation

Assamese [keyboard layout

  • Inscript keyboard layout:
  • Phonetic keyboard layout:
  • The unique letter identifiers:
The keyboard locations of three characters unique to the Assamese script are depicted below:
The "Indian languages TRANSliteration" the ASCII transliteration scheme for Indic scripts here, Assamese; the characterisations are given below:

Sample text

The following is a sample text in Assamese of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Assamese in Assamese alphabet
Assamese in phonetic Romanization 1
Assamese in phonetic Romanization 2
Assamese in the International Phonetic Alphabet
Gloss
Translation

Unicode

The Bengali–Assamese script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.
The Unicode block for Assamese and Bengali is U+0980–U+09FF:

Hamkh


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