Auckland Castle


Auckland Castle, which is also known as Auckland Palace and to people that live locally as the Bishop's Castle or Bishop's Palace, is located in the town of Bishop Auckland in County Durham, England. In 1832, this castle replaced Durham Castle as the official residence of the Bishops of Durham. It is now a tourist attraction but still houses the Bishop's offices; the Castle is a Grade I listed historic site.

History

The history of Auckland Castle goes back to the 12th century. Previously a deer park, Bishop Hugh Pudsey established a manor house on the site in around 1183. Because it was near to his hunting estate, a successor, Bishop Bek, relocated his main residence from Durham Castle to Auckland and he later converted the manor house into a castle. In this process, he added the great hall, the chapel and the defensive walls.
After the disestablishment of the Church of England at the end of the First English Civil War in 1646, Auckland Castle was sold to Sir Arthur Hazelrigg, who demolished much of the medieval building, including the original two-storey chapel, and built a mansion. After the Restoration of the Monarchy, Bishop John Cosin, in turn demolished Hazelrigg's mansion and rebuilt the castle converting the banqueting hall into the chapel that stands today.
In 1756, Bishop Richard Trevor bought the notable set of paintings, Jacob and his twelve sons, by Francisco de Zurbarán which still hang in the Long Dining Room. It is possible that the seventeenth century paintings were intended for South America. However they never reached their supposed destination, eventually coming into the possession of James Mendez who sold twelve of the thirteen to Bishop Trevor in 1757.
Bishop Trevor was unable to secure the 13th portrait, Benjamin, which was sold separately to the Duke of Ancaster and hangs in Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire. Bishop Trevor commissioned Arthur Pond to produce a copy painting of "Benjamin". The copy, together with the 12 originals, hang in the castle's Long Dining Room, which Bishop Trevor had redesigned especially to take the pictures.
Shute Barrington, Bishop of Durham from 1791 to 1826, employed the eminent architect James Wyatt to match the disparate architecture of the palace in the late 18th century, including its Throne Room and Garden Screen. In 1832, when William van Mildert, the last prince-bishop, gave over Durham Castle to found Durham University, Auckland Castle became the sole episcopal seat of the See of Durham.
In 2001 the Church Commissioners voted to sell the paintings, a decision that was revoked in 2011 following a donation of £15 million by investment manager and philanthropist Jonathan Ruffer; new arrangements placed the paintings, along with the castle, under the Auckland Castle Trust, making them available to the public after centuries during which they hung in a private home where they could be seen only by invited guests or by special arrangement with the Bishop's staff.

2019 re-opening

News reports in 2019 clarified the situation, stating that in 2012, Ruffer had purchased the castle and all of the contents, including the artwork, which included the works by Francisco de Zurbarán. The paintings which had been on tour, were returned to the site in time for the re-opening of the castle to visitors on 2 November 2019 as the Auckland Project, after a multi-million pound restoration project, funded partly by the National Lottery.
By the time of the opening day, a new high tower had been erected as a visitor centre; the structure has a lift and a staircase as well as balconies for views of the castle from above. The interior had been fully restored, including the
bishops’ "palatial" quarters. According to one news item, "each of the 14 restored rooms, recreated from contemporary accounts and personal recollections" features the career of one former bishop. The Faith Museum of world religion and a huge glass greenhouse were under construction on Castle property.
Other attractions already operating at or near the Castle include the Mining Art Gallery showing work mainly by self-taught or night school-educated miners; this attraction opened in 2017 ; an open-air theatre, Kynren, depicting "An Epic Tale of England" with a cast of 1,000; and the Bishop Trevor Gallery at the Castle; the latter started displaying the National Gallery’s Masterpiece touring exhibit in October 2019.
In future, other attractions were expected to open at or near the Castle: a display of Spanish art the Faith Museum, a gallery that will feature the works of Francisco de Zurbarán, a boutique hotel and two restaurants in addition to the current Bishop’s Kitchen café.
According to The Guardian,
"The aim is to make the town – the heart of the abandoned Durham coalfields – a tourist destination that holds people for a day or two rather than just a couple of hours. The scheme will create hundreds of entry-level jobs in a county that suffers high unemployment and has some of the most deprived areas in northern Europe".

Bek's chapel

In February 2020, it was announced that the ruins of Bek's chapel had been found at the castle by archeologists. It had long been known that the chapel which would have been one of the largest in Europe, was located on the castle grounds, but its location was unknown. The chapel was built by the warrior-bishop Anthony Bek in roughly 1300 at a cost of £148. There will be a special exhibition at Auckland Castle from 4 March 2020 to 6 September 2020 to display items found in the ruins.

Description

Despite the conservation work and its operation as a tourist attraction, the Castle still houses the offices of the Bishop of Durham in its Scotland Wing
and services are held in the chapel. Interestingly, the Scotland Wing is so named from its historical accommodation of Scots prisoners.
Auckland Castle owns 12 of the 13 celebrated 17th-century paintings in the series Jacob and his twelve sons, by Francisco de Zurbarán, depicting Jacob and his 12 sons. They will be housed in the Castle's new Spanish Gallery along with other works.
The Castle is surrounded by a deer park of 800 acres of parkland. It retains many of the medieval elements, including the fish ponds and woodland paths, providing an important record of how the medieval bishops lived, entertained and hunted there.
The grounds, Auckland Castle Park, have been Grade II listed since 7 October 1986 while the Castle has been Grade I listed since 21 April 1952.
The Castle and its grounds contain seven Grade I listed buildings. These include a Deer House, which was built in 1760, a large castellated-stone building to shelter the deer, with picnic grounds and rooms that afford a fantastic view. The Park's listing summary states:
A medieval deer park associated with the residence of the bishops of Durham, Auckland Castle, which has C12 or earlier origins, with landscaping of C18 date. Walled gardens around the Castle are of late C17 or earlier origin, as is the kitchen garden.

Culture

The castle was used as the backdrop for Lewis Carroll's story "A Legend of Scotland" in the 19th century. In 2006, Auckland Castle was the setting for two episodes of BBC's Antiques Roadshow. In 2013, a 15th-century bed owned by Henry VII was put on display at the castle.

Notable structures

ImageNameListedCo-ordinatesNotesRef
Auckland CastleGrade IProbably begun in the 12th century and completed in the 13th century;
West Mural Tower and West WallsGrade IFirst wall built 14th century;
Entrance GatewayGrade IBuilt by Thomas Robinson in 1760 for Prince-Bishop Trevor;
Chapel of St PeterGrade IBuilt as Great Hall around 1190, completed 1249 and converted to Chapel 1661-65;
Screen WallGrade IBuilt by James Wyatt around 1795 for Prince-Bishop Barrington;
Deer ShelterGrade IBuilt around 1760;
Castle LodgeGrade IBuilt 17th century;
11 Market PlaceGrade II*Built early 18th century; formerly known as 18 Castle Square;
15 and 16 Market PlaceGrade II18th century Park Gatehouses;
17 and 18 Market PlaceGrade IIBuilt early 18th century;
12 Market PlaceGrade IIBuilt early 18th century, previously known as 19 Castle Square;
2 and 3 Castle SquareGrade IIMedieval use unknown; later Prebends' College, then carriage houses;
Westcott LodgeGrade IIBuilt early-18th century;
Six pillars;Grade IIPossibly 17th century hayshed;
Garden and Drive WallsGrade IIBuilt 18th and 19th century, railings added 19th century;
Jock's BridgeGrade IIBuilt 1819, forms Park boundary wall;
Trevor's BridgeGrade IIBuilt 1757;
Ice HouseGrade IIProbably built late-18th century;
Footbridge over Coundon BurnGrade IIBuilt mid-18th century;
Footbridge over Coundon BurnGrade IIBuilt 1827;
Footbridge over Coundon BurnGrade IIBuilt 18th century;
Well HeadGrade II2m high pyramid, part of 18th century water supply to Castle;
CisternGrade IIPart of 18th century water supply to Castle;
Milestone on Castle DriveGrade II18th century;
Park Gates and Screen WallGrade IIBuilt late 18th century;
Lodge FarmhouseGrade IIBuilt 1779 for Prince-Bishop Egerton;
Stables and Barn of Lodge FarmhouseGrade IIBuilt 1779;
Stables and Barn of Lodge FarmhouseGrade IIBuilt 1779.