Bach's choir and orchestra
Much has been written about Bach's ensembles that he used.
In Bach's time referred to more advanced vocal church music, usually accompanied by instrumental forces, such as his motets, church cantatas and passions. The vocal and instrumental forces used by Bach for the performance of such music are to a certain extent documented for all the periods of his life. Information about his secular orchestral and choral music is more limited: it mostly involves his period in Köthen, and his involvement with Leipzig's student orchestra, the Collegium Musicum performing at Café Zimmermann.
Before Leipzig
Arnstadt and Mühlhausen
Weimar and Köthen
Leipzig
Figural music
In 1730, Bach wrote a memo to the Leipzig town council regarding musical staffing of the Leipzig churches for which he was responsible.Vocal forces
In regards to vocal forces, Bach wrote:which translates to:
He also lists in a note dating from about the same year the minimum requirements for the churches mentioned in the Entwurff:
| In the Nicolai-Kirche the 1st choir requires: | At the Thomas-Kirche the 2nd choir: | At the New Church the 3rd choir: | The 4th choir. |
| 3 Sopranos | 3 Sopranos | 3 Sopranos | 2 Sopranos |
| 3 Altos | 3 Altos | 3 Altos | 2 Altos |
| 3 Tenors | 3 Tenors | 3 Tenors | 2 Tenors |
| 3 Basses | 3 Basses | 3 Basses | 2 Basses |
Instrumental forces
Likewise, Bach wrote of the instrumental forces required:which translates to:
Secular music
By performer and instrument types
Vocalists
Vocal soloists
Choir
Instruments
String section
Winds
Continuo and organ
After 1750
Second half of the 18th century
19th century
20th century
21st century
In the 21st century, several conductors have recorded all or most of Bach's cantatas using choirs with three or four singers per part. For instance, Philippe Herreweghe has performed and recorded "Bach... as he practiced in Leipzig, with three suitable singers per voice group". Herreweghe sees voices suitable for Bach as "small" voices, voice types with certain characteristics: he names Peter Kooij and Dorothee Mields as examples of that voice type.By contrast, a number of 21st-century Bach conductors have instead accepted Joshua Rifkin's arguments that most of Johann Sebastian Bach's choral music was performed with only one singer per voice part.