Basse-Terre


Basse-Terre is a French commune in the Guadeloupe department of France in the Lesser Antilles. It is also the prefecture of Guadeloupe. The city of Basse-Terre is located on Basse-Terre Island, the western half of Guadeloupe.
Although it is the administrative capital, Basse-Terre is only the second largest city in Guadeloupe behind Pointe-à-Pitre. Together with its urban area it had 44,864 inhabitants in 2012.

Geography

Basse-Terre is located in the south-western corner of the Basse-Terre portion of the island of Guadeloupe which is itself located some 100 km north of Dominica and some 450 km south-east of Puerto Rico. The commune is at the foot of the Soufrière volcano and is connected to the rest of the island by three main roads:
Basse-Terre has a maritime station that receives cruise ships and has a ferry service to the Îles des Saintes.
The commune is mostly urban with some farmland in the north-east and north-west.
The different districts of Basse-Terre are: Agincourt, Bas-du-Bourg, Carmel, Desmarais Guillaud, Morne-Chaulet, Morne-à-Vaches, Petit-Paris, Pintade, Rivière-des-Peres, La Rue-Maillan, Saint-François, Sur-le Morne, and Versailles.

Climate

Basse-Terre lies at a transitional point between a tropical rainforest climate and a tropical monsoon climate. While Basse-Terre does feature a drier stretch from January through March, the town does not quite have a dry season month. The town's driest month sees on average roughly 60 mm of precipitation. A monthly precipitation average below 60 mm is considered dry season month. As is the norm with cities with these two climate types, Basse-Terre features relatively consistent temperatures throughout the year.

Toponymy

The name comes from the mariners' vocabulary of the 17th century which designated a land or coast sheltered from the wind, as opposed to Capesterre "Cape to the east of Land".

History

Native American origins

Before Basse-Terre became a French town it was a village of American Indian horticulturists and potters. The village was on the site of the present Basse-Terre Cathedral where archaeological excavations found human remains and other evidence of occupation during the restoration of the cathedral.
In 2005 on the lower part of a Native American garbage dump, excavations have uncovered a new dump containing large amounts of archaeological material: food waste, ceramics, stone tools and shell tools, ornaments, charcoal and a tomb.

Birth of the town of Basse-Terre (1635–1649)

In 1635, when it was part of Saint Kitts and Nevis, an expedition was seeking a place of lasting presence in Guadeloupe. The operation was entrusted to Charles Liénard de l'Olive and Jean du Plessis d'Ossonville together with 4 missionaries and 550 colonists. The landing took place on 28 June 1635, at Pointe Allègre, far from Basse-Terre. Famine pushed the party to the south near the present town of Vieux-Fort in early 1636. The relationship between Native Americans and colonists degraded quickly; Liénard then began a bloody war against the locals. In 1660 a treaty forced him to retreat to Dominica and Saint Vincent. The war forced him to build a fort, today Fort Olive at Vieux Fort. In 1640 Jean Aubert succeeded Liénard as the government of the island and he soon left the site to settle on the left bank of the , which is the current Gourbeyre marina. In 1643 Charles Houël du Petit Pré replaced Aubert and, in 1649, he left the marina site for the right bank of the Galion and built a fort. Some religious built the first church, now the, shortly afterwards and the city was organized around the chapel and from the fort to the river of Herbs. This was the beginning of Basse-Terre.

Birth of the town of Saint-François (circa 1680)

Around 1680 on the right bank of the the Capuchins built a chapel dedicated to Saint Francis of Assisi where the present Guadaloupe Cathedral is located and a second centre of population grew around this place of worship. The River of Herbs separated the two distinct villages: Basse-Terre and Saint Francis. In reality, people flocked to the new town because of attacks by the English who burned the town of Basse-Terre in 1691 and again in 1703. Following these raids the people thought that the fort was attracting the invaders and consequently moved to Saint Francis. A stone bridge was built in 1739 replacing a ford and a wooden bridge across the river of Herbs.

English occupation (1759–1763) and tentative revival (1763–1789)

On 23 January 1759 the island was taken over by the British who devastated the island. The island was occupied by the British until 10 February 1763. The colony was experiencing a resurgence of activity despite the founding of Pointe-à-Pitre in 1764 – a town in a better position for the ocean swell – and despite a fire in September 1782. The town was partially redesigned around 1787.

Revolutionary period (1789–1802)

The French Revolution reached the island and therefore Basse-Terre in September 1789. In 1793, counter-revolutionary planters agreed to cede the island to the British. They took the town from the hands of Governor Victor Collot on 22 April 1794 and appointed Thomas Dundas as Governor. As early as May 1794, Victor Hugues, sent by the National Convention in Paris, managed to take back the colony in hand and abolish slavery. The French dislodged the cannon in December 1794 and installed a guillotine. The city was the scene of military operations conducted by General Richepanse, who was sent by Napoleon to reestablish slavery, against Louis Delgrès in 1802. Delgrès retreated to the fort on 20 May 1802 and abandoned it on 22 May.

Difficult renewal (1802–1870)

The town was occupied from 6 February 1810 to 30 May 1814 and again from 10 August 1815 to July 1816. For over 20 years Basse-Terre suffered from the effects of these disturbances. Only after four hurricanes did Basse-Terre think of rehabilitating the construction and development of the Champ d'Arbaud by building a Military Hospital, a bishopric, sanitation, and expansion of the city by creating new neighbourhoods such as Trianon, Versailles, Petite Guinée, and Petit-Paris but the situation remained unchanged, worsened more by a cholera epidemic in 1865.

Renewed activity (1870–1976)

From 1870 the commune began to recover and inaugurated its town hall in 1899. It was the first city in Guadeloupe to be electrified in 1913. The impetus came from Ali Tur, who arrived after the cyclone of September 1928 and built the courthouse, the General Council, and a market in the 1930s. A port was built from 1961 to 1964, the boulevard was built in 1962 to serve the port: it was extended in 1964 and again in 1965 along what was once a pebble and black sand beach that ran along the coast. On 26 November 1970, 1.5 inches of rain fell in a minute, the heaviest ever recorded. Cyclonic conditions repeatedly ravaged the development of this boulevard in 1989 with Hurricane Hugo and Hurricane Marilyn in 1995, Hurricane Lenny in 1999, and Hurricane Omar in 2008.

Since 1976

In 1976 73,600 inhabitants of the town were evacuated due to the high activity of the Soufrière volcano. Some evacuees never returned and moved to Jarry. For 20 years, the town centre was depopulated in favour of peri-urban areas or neighbouring towns such Baillif, Saint-Claude, and Gourbeyre despite attempts at renewal.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors
FromToName
17901792Jean Baptiste Louis Thirus de Pautrizel
1792La Graët
18211829Baudet
18311837DuperronN
18371843Jean Rémi Terrail
18431846Charles Le Dentu
18471848Aristide Lignières
18481848J. L. Rousseau
18481848Lomont Bernard
18481850P. H. Laurichesse
18501850Pothonier
18501852P. H. Laurichesse
18531854Puech
18541863Rullier
18631869A. Eggimann
18691871Aristide Lignères
18711876Emile Le Dentu
18761883Richard Jean-Romain
18831884Hildebert Bernus
18841888Auguste Silvie
18881893Hildebert Bernus
18931894J. Cascon
18971902Wilfrid Montout
18971900Delmance Demonchy
19111925Arnaud Lignières
19251933Georges Favreau
19331938Maurice Marie-Claire
19381944Maurice Martin

;Mayors from 1945
FromToNamePartyPosition
19451951Joseph PitatDoctor, President of the General Council 1945–1949
19511953Annibal WaneybergueRetired
19531959Élie ChauffreinPCF
19591971Gaston FeuillardLawyer, MP 1958–1973
19711995Jérôme CléryPCGDoctor
19952001Lucette Michaux-ChevryRPRLawyer, President of the Regional Council 1992–2004, Senator 1995–2011
20012001Pierre MartinDVD
20012008Guy GeorgesDVDMerchant
20082014Lucette Michaux-ChevryUMPLawyer, former Minister, Senator
20142020Marie-Luce PenchardUMPTerritorial Administrator, former Minister

Judicial and administrative bodies

The commune of Basse-Terre has a Courthouse, which was built in 1934 by architect Ali Georges-Tur, and which also houses the Basse-Terre Court of Appeal, a Tribunal d'instance, a High Court an Administrative Court, and an industrial tribunal. The Bar Association of the Bar of Guadeloupe is also established in the commune. Basse-Terre benefits from the presence of a Chamber of bailiffs, a Chamber of Notaries, and a Chamber of Commerce. The prefecture is also present and the city is the seat of the Urban community of South Basse-Terre. There is a police station and a prison.

Twinning

Basse-Terre has twinning associations with:
The total number of households in the commune in 2010 was 5158. Since 1982 the population has remained stable.
In 2010 the commune had 999 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger communes that have a sample survey every year.

Education

The commune has 24 educational institutions:
Former high schools?:
3 private primary schools:
Private secondary schools under contract:
Medical institutions in Basse-Terre are among the largest on the island. In 2012 the hospital in Basse-Terre had 235 beds organized into four areas and had a staff of 850 doctors, hospital and administrative staff. The commune also has a Health Centre.

Town planning

Urban morphology

Over the centuries the commune spread along a street formerly named Grand Rue. The River of Herbs separates two early nuclei of houses which now correspond to the districts of Carmel and Saint Francis. The town developed on a narrow coastal strip between the Caribbean Sea and the first hills of the long mountain ridge that divides the island in two. The volcanic massif of the Soufrière is to the north-east and the mountains of Caraïbes and Houëlmont are to the south-east, which enclose the commune in lush greenery. The city itself stretches over 3 km in spite of a rugged terrain intersected by ravines.

Communal territory

The boundaries of the commune have varied over the centuries. The colonial Decree of 20 September 1837 endorsed the creation of communes and set the powers of the mayor and city council. The territory of Basse-Terre was previously split into two: intra-muros which was the urban part and its inner periphery and extra-muros that extended to the slopes of the Soufrière. In 1837 two new communes were created by cutting extra-muros from Basse-Terre and the future Saint-Claude and Gourbeyre were created. A decision of the municipal council of 15 March 1839 specified the limits of the commune. By 16 October 1953, the commune has grown and included the neighbourhoods of Rivière-des-Peres by the sea as well as Pintade, Thillac, Morne-à-Vaches, Desmarais, Guillard, and Delille.

Housing

The total number of dwellings in the commune is 5,540. 82.1% are primary residences against 83% nationally. The number of second homes is estimated at 0.5% and the number of vacancies to 16% which is above the national average of 8%.

Economy

The area of the commune has been greatly reduced since the end of the 19th century and its mountainous terrain does not allow it to develop large-scale farming. Only the Bologna distillery, a rum producer, remains significant and is one of the jewels of local production shared with the commune of Baillif. The city, as capital of the department, hosts major administration establishments as well as the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Basse-Terre.
There has been development of the economic sector through improving the reception of cruise ships and passengers in the port of Basse-Terre. The first stone for the ferry terminal was laid on 27 December 2013. The modern terminal has a capacity of 100 people with areas for ticketing and restaurants was opened on 2 October 2015.

Employment

The unemployment rate in 2012 for the town was 25.6% out of a total workforce of 7,293 individuals.

Division of employees into type of activity

Culture and heritage

The commune has a very large number of buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments. For a complete list with links to descriptions and photos click . Some of the most interesting are shown below.

Civil heritage

Sports facilities in the commune:
They are used by sports clubs:
The TV channel Guadeloupe I and radio Guadeloupe I are available in the commune.

Picture gallery

Notable people linked to the commune