Benjamin Harrison V
Benjamin Harrison V was an American planter, merchant, and legislator in colonial Virginia. He was a Founding Father of the United States and also served as Virginia's governor.
Harrison served an aggregate of three decades in the Virginia House of Burgesses, representing Surry County and Charles City County. He was among the early patriots to formally protest tyrannical measures imposed by King George and his Parliament upon the American colonies leading to the American Revolution. This was a stark contrast to Harrison's personal acceptance and practice of slaveholding, though he joined a 1772 petition delivered to the King but rejected, requesting that he abolish the slave trade.
As a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress, and Chairman of its Committee of the Whole, Harrison attended and presided over the final debate of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration included the foundational philosophy of the United States: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." Harrison was one of its signers in 1776.
Harrison was elected as Virginia's fifth governor; his administration was marked by its futile struggle with a state treasury decimated by the revolutionary war. He later returned to the Virginia House for two final terms. In a rare disagreement with ally George Washington, Harrison in 1788 cast one of his last votes in opposition to the nation's Constitution, for its lack of a bill of rights.
Benjamin V was a member of the Harrison family of Virginia. Two of his descendants became United States Presidents—son William Henry Harrison and great-grandson Benjamin Harrison.
Family
Parents and siblings
Harrison was born April 5, 1726, in Charles City County, Virginia; he was the oldest of ten children of Benjamin Harrison IV and Anne Carter; Anne was a daughter of Robert Carter I. The first Benjamin Harrison arrived in the colonies around 1630, and by 1633 set a precedent of family public service, when he was recorded as Clerk of the Virginia Governor's Council. Benjamin IV and wife Anne built the family's manor house at Berkeley Plantation; he served as a Justice of the Peace and represented Charles City County in the Virginia House of Burgesses.Benjamin V in his youth was "tall and powerfully built," with "features that were clearly defined, and a well-shaped mouth above a strong pointed chin." He graduated from the College of William and Mary. His brother Carter Henry became a leader in Cumberland County. Brother Nathaniel was elected to the House of Burgesses, then to the Virginia Senate. Brother Henry fought in the French and Indian War and brother Charles became a brigadier general in the Continental Army.
Inheritance and slaveholding
Harrison's father, at age 51, and with a child in hand, was struck by lightning as he shut an upstairs window during a storm on July 12, 1745; he and daughter Hannah were killed. Benjamin V inherited the bulk of his father's estate, including Berkeley and a number of surrounding plantations, as well as thousands of acres extending to Surry County and the falls of the James River. Also among his holdings was a fishery on the river and a grist mill in Henrico County. He also assumed ownership and responsibility for the manor house's equipment, stock, and numerous slaves. His siblings inherited another six plantations, possessions, and slaves, as the father chose to depart from the tradition of leaving the entire estate to the eldest son.Among Harrison and his ancestors, the family enslaved as many as 80 to 100 people. Harrison's father was adamant about not breaking up slave families in the distribution of his estate. As with all planters, the Harrisons provided for the sustenance of slaves on their plantations. Nevertheless, according to biographer Clifford Dowdey, "...among the worst aspects of their slaveholding is the assumption that the men in the Harrison family, most likely the younger, unmarried ones, and the overseers, made night trips to the slaves' quarters for carnal purposes. Benjamin Harrison V owned mullatoes, though no record has been revealed as to their parentage. Dowdey portrays the Harrisons' further incongruity, saying the slaves in some ways "...were respected as families, and there developed a sense of duty about indoctrinating them in Christianity, though other slaveholders had reservations about baptizing children who were considered property.”
Marriage and children
By 1749, Harrison married Elizabeth Bassett of New Kent County; she was the daughter of Col. William Bassett and Elizabeth Churchill. Harrison and wife had eight children during their 40-year marriage. Among them was eldest daughter Lucy Bassett who married Peyton Randolph. Another daughter, Anne Bassett, married David Coupland. The eldest son was Benjamin Harrison VI, a briefly successful merchant who served in the Virginia House of Delegates, but who died a troubled, self-indulgent, young widower. Another was Carter Bassett Harrison who served in the Virginia House of Delegates and the U. S. House of Representatives.The youngest was General William Henry Harrison, a congressional delegate for the Northwest Territory, who also was Governor of the Indiana Territory. In the 1840 United States presidential election, William Henry defeated incumbent Martin Van Buren, but fell ill and died just one month into his presidency. Vice President John Tyler, a fellow Virginian and Berkeley neighbor, succeeded him. William Henry's grandson, Benjamin Harrison, was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Benjamin also served in the U.S. Senate and was elected president in 1888 after defeating incumbent Grover Cleveland.
Virginia delegate
Benjamin Harrison V in 1749 began following his father in being elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, initially for Surry County; however, he was not then of legal age to take his burgesses seat, which was delayed until 1752. His county representations in the Burgesses were as follows:- 1752–1761 – Surry County
- 1766–1781 – Charles City County
- 1785–1786 – Surry County
- 1787–1790 – Charles City County
Harrison once again joined the fray with Britain after its adoption of the Townsend Acts, formally asserting the Parliament's right to tax the colonies. He was appointed in 1768 to a special committee to draft a response for the colony. A resolution resulted that asserted the right of British subjects to be taxed only by their elected representatives. The American colonies achieved their objective with a repeal of the Townsend Acts, through the action of Lord North, who nevertheless continued the tax on tea.
Harrison was a signer in 1770 of an association of Virginia lawmakers and merchants boycotting British imports until the British Parliament repealed its tea tax. He also joined in sponsoring a bill which declared that Parliament's laws were illegal if passed without the consent of the colonists.
Harrison at this time also served as a justice in Charles City County. When the city of Williamsburg lacked the funds for construction of a courthouse, he and fellow delegate James Littlepage organized a group of "Gentlemen Subscribers" who purchased an unused building and presented it to the city in 1771.
Early in 1772, Harrison and Thomas Jefferson were among a group of six Virginia house delegates assigned to prepare and deliver an address to the King which called for an end to the importation of slaves from Africa. Biographer Howard Smith indicates that the request was delivered and was unambiguous in its object to close the slave trade; the King rejected it.
Congressional delegate in Philadelphia
In 1773, colonists protested the British tax on tea by destroying a shipment during the Boston Tea Party. While all of the colonies were inspired by the news, some patriots, including Harrison, had misgivings, and believed the Bostonians had a duty to reimburse the East India Company for its losses at their hands. The British Parliament responded to the protest by enacting more punitive measures, which colonists called the Intolerable Acts. Despite his qualms, Harrison was among 89 members of the Virginia Burgesses who signed a new association on May 24, 1774 condemning Parliament's action. The group also invited other colonies to convene a Continental Congress, and called for a convention to select its Virginia delegates. At the First Virginia Convention, Harrison was selected on August 5, 1774 as one of seven delegates to represent Virginia at the Congress, to be located in Philadelphia.Harrison set out that month, leaving his home state for the first time. He was armed with a positive reputation built in the House of Burgesses, which Edmund Randolph provided to the Congress, "A favorite of the day was Benjamin Harrison. With strong sense and a temper not disposed to compromise with ministerial power, he scruples not to utter any untruth. During a long service in the House of Burgesses, his frankness, though sometimes tinctured with bitterness, has been the source of considerable attachment."
, location of the First Continental Congress
Harrison arrived in Philadelphia on September 2, 1774 for the First Continental Congress. According to biographer Howard Smith, he gravitated to the older and more conservative delegates in Philadelphia, and was more distant with the New Englanders and the more radical, particularly John and Samuel Adams. The genuine and mutual enmity between the Adams cousins and Harrison also stemmed from their puritan upbringing in aversion to human pleasures and Harrison's appreciation for bold storytelling, fine food, and wine. John Adams described Harrison in his diary as "another Sir John Falstaff," as "obscene," "profane," and "impious." However, he also recalled Harrison's comment that he was so eager to participate in the congress that "...he would have come on foot." Politically, Harrison aligned with John Hancock, and Adams with Richard Henry Lee, whom Harrison had adamantly opposed in the House of Burgesses.
Harrison in October 1774 signed an association with other delegates dictating a boycott of both exports and imports with Britain, effective immediately. The First Congress concluded that month with a Petition to the King, signed by all delegates, requesting the King's attention to the colonies' grievances, and restoration of harmony with the crown. Upon his return home, Harrison received a letter from Thomas Jefferson advising of the latter's order for 14 sash windows in London just prior to the passage of the boycott, and apologizing for his inability to cancel the order.
In March of 1775, Harrison attended a convention at St. John's Parish in Richmond, Virginia, made famous by Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty, or give me death!" speech. A defense resolution was passed by a vote of 65–60 for the raising of a military force. It represented a substantial step for Virginia in its transition from a colony to a commonwealth. Biographer Smith indicates Harrison was probably in the minority, though he was named to a committee to carry the resolution into effect. He was also re-elected as a delegate to the new session of the Continental Congress.
Second Continental Congress and Declaration of Independence
The Second Continental Congress convened in May 1775. Harrison resided in north Philadelphia during the Congress with two roommates—his brother-in-law Peyton Randolph and George Washington. The two men left him on his own when Randolph suddenly died, and Washington assumed command of the Continental Army. Harrison was kept busy with the issues of funding and supplying Washington's army, and corresponded with Washington at length.In the spring of 1775 an effort was made in the Congress to seek reconciliation with the King of Britain, through the Olive Branch Petition, authored by John Dickinson. A heated debate resulted when Dickinson remarked that he disapproved of only one word he thought offensive in the petition, and that was the word "Congress." Harrison angrily rose from his seat and replied, "There is but one word in the paper, Mr. President, of which I do approve, and that is the word 'Congress.'" The petition passed and was submitted to the Crown, but remained unread by the King as he formally declared the colonists to be traitors.
In November of 1775, Harrison was appointed to a select committee to review the needs of the army. He went to Cambridge, Massachusetts with Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Lynch to assess the needs, as well as the morale, of the forces. After a 10-day inspection, the committee concluded that the pay for the troops should be improved and the ranks should be increased to over 20,000 men. Harrison then returned to Philadelphia to work closely with fellow delegates for the defense of his state as well as South Carolina, Georgia, and New York.
, Benjamin Harrison V is seated at the table far left
Harrison was in attendance until the session's end in July 1776, serving frequently as Chairman of the Committee of the Whole. As such, he presided over the final debates of the Lee Resolution offered by Virginia delegate Richard Henry Lee. This was the Congress' first expression of its objective of freedom from the Crown. Harrison oversaw as well the final debates and amendments of the Declaration of Independence. The Committee of Five presented Thomas Jefferson's draft of the Declaration on June 28, 1776, and the Congress resolved on July 1 that the Committee of the Whole should debate its content. The Committee amended it on July 2 and 3, then adopted it in final form on Thursday, July 4. Harrison duly reported this to the Congress, and gave a final reading of the Declaration. The Congress unanimously resolved to have the Declaration engrossed and signed by those then present.
Harrison was known for an audacious sense of humor. Even detractor John Adams conceded in his diary that "Harrison's contributions and many pleasantries steadied rough sessions." Pennsylvania Delegate Benjamin Rush in particular recalled the Congress' atmosphere during a signing of the Declaration on August 2, 1776. He described a scene of "pensive and awful silence," and said that Harrison singularly interrupted "the silence and gloom of the morning," as delegates filed forward to inscribe what they thought was their ensuing death warrant. Rush said that the rotund Harrison leaned over the diminutive Elbridge Gerry, who was about to sign the Declaration, and said, "I shall have a great advantage over you, Mr. Gerry, when we are all hung for what we are now doing. From the size and weight of my body I shall die in a few minutes and be with the Angels, but from the lightness of your body you will dance in the air an hour or two before you are dead."
Revolutionary War
From December 1775 until March 1777, the Congress was on two occasions threatened by British forces, and forced to remove itself—once to Baltimore, a location that Harrison distinctly disliked. This has been attributed to some unspecified ill-health he was experiencing at the time. On another occasion, the Congress fled to York, Pennsylvania. In 1777 Harrison became a member of the newly-created Committee of Secret Correspondence for the Congress. The committee's primary objective was to establish secure communication with American agents in Britain concerning the interests of the colonies. Harrison was also named as Chairman of the Board of War, whose initial purpose was to review the movements of the army in the north, and the exchange of prisoners.At that time Harrison found himself at odds with Washington over Marquis de Lafayette's commission, which Harrison insisted was honorary only and without pay. He also stirred controversy by endorsing the rights of Quakers not to bear arms in accordance with their religion. He unsuccessfully argued throughout the formation of the Articles of Confederation that Virginia should be given greater representation than other states, based on its population and land mass. His Congressional membership permanently ended in October 1777; biographer John Sanderson indicates that when Harrison retired from Congress, "his estates had been ravaged" and "his fortune had been impaired."
Harrison returned to Virginia where he quickly renewed his efforts in the Virginia legislature. In May of 1776, the House of Burgesses had ended and was replaced by the House of Delegates, according to Virginia's new constitution. He was elected Speaker in 1777, defeating Thomas Jefferson by a vote of 51–23; he returned to the speakership on several occasions. He concerned himself in the ensuing years with many issues, including Virginia's western land interests, the condition of Continental forces, and the defense of the commonwealth.
In January 1781, a British force of 1,600 was positioned at the mouth of the James River, led by turncoat Benedict Arnold, and Harrison was called upon to return immediately to Philadelphia to request military support for his state. He knew that Berkeley was one of Arnold's primary targets, so he relocated his family before setting out. In Philadelphia, his pleas for Virginia were heard, and he obtained increased gunpowder, supplies, and troops, but only on a delayed basis. Meanwhile, Arnold advanced up the James, wreaking havoc on both sides of the river. The Harrison family avoided capture in Arnold's January raid on Berkeley, but Arnold, intent that no likeness of the family survive, removed and burned all the family portraits there. Most of Harrison's other possessions were destroyed, along with a large portion of the house. Other signers were similarly targeted, with more horrific consequences. Harrison took up the rehabilitation of his home, then returned to his correspondence with Washington and continued efforts to obtain armaments, troops, and clothing supplies for other southern states.
Governor of Virginia
The nation's Yorktown victory in October 1781 provided only brief respite for Harrison, age 55, who began to serve on November 30 as the fifth Governor of Virginia. He was also the fourth governor to assume the office in that year–the multiple successions were occasioned by wartime events in Virginia. Money was the primary problem that he confronted, as the war had drained the coffers of the Virginia treasury, and the government was plagued by creditors, both domestic and foreign. It was clear that there was no capacity for military action outside of the immediate area, so Harrison steadfastly opposed offensive action against Indians in the Kentucky and Illinois country. He alternatively pursued a policy of treating with the Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Creek Indian tribes, which allowed peace to last for the remainder of his term. The situation resulted in some contentious exchanges with General George Rogers Clark who urged offensive operations in the west.As Harrison's term was ending, Washington accepted an invitation to visit with the Harrisons in Richmond, saying, "And I shall feel an additional pleasure, in offering this tribute of friendship and respect to you, by having the company of Marsqs. de la Fayette...." The general made his visit in November 1784, though Lafayette was unable to accompany him. Harrison's service as governor was lauded, despite his inability to solve the commonwealth's financial problems which plagued his administration.
Return to legislature and death
In 1786, Harrison and other members of the legislature were deeply divided over the issue of state aid to religion. He joined with his brother and fellow delegate, Carter Henry Harrison, in supporting a measure of Patrick Henry to provide funds for teachers of the Christian religion. The proposal failed, and the assembly instead enacted Thomas Jefferson's famous Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which established a complete separation of church and state.Harrison participated as a member of the Virginia Ratifying Convention for the United States Constitution in 1788. However, along with Patrick Henry, George Mason, and others, he was skeptical of a large central government and opposed the Constitution because of the absence of a Bill of Rights. He was in the minority when the constitution won ratification with a margin of 5 out of 170 votes cast. He overcame his ill health sufficiently to address those who opposed the result, and implored them to seek redress through the legitimate channels of amendments to the Constitution. Though Washington had promoted the Constitution, he praised Harrison, saying, "Your individual endeavors to prevent inflammatory measures from being adopted redound greatly to your credit."
Despite his chronic gout and weakened financial condition, Harrison continued his work in the House. He died on April 24, 1791 at his home, after celebrating a re-election. His cause of death is unknown, though his persistent corpulence has been documented. His son William Henry, then aged 18, had just begun medical studies in Philadelphia. Necessary monetary support was lacking, so he soon abandoned medicine for military service, and his own ultimate path toward leadership.