BepiColombo
BepiColombo is a joint mission of the European Space Agency and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency to the planet Mercury. The mission comprises two satellites launched together: the Mercury Planetary Orbiter and Mio. The mission will perform a comprehensive study of Mercury, including characterization of its magnetic field, magnetosphere, and both interior and surface structure. It was launched on an Ariane 5 rocket on 20 October 2018 at 01:45 UTC, with an arrival at Mercury planned for December 2025, after a flyby of Earth, two flybys of Venus, and six flybys of Mercury. The mission was approved in November 2009, after years in proposal and planning as part of the European Space Agency's Horizon 2000+ programme; it is the last mission of the programme to be launched.
Names
BepiColombo is named after Giuseppe "Bepi" Colombo, a scientist, mathematician and engineer at the University of Padua, Italy, who first proposed the interplanetary gravity assist manoeuvre used by the 1974 Mariner 10 mission, a technique now used frequently by planetary probes.Mio, the name of the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter, was selected from thousands of suggestions by the Japanese public. In Japanese, Mio means a waterway, and according to JAXA, it symbolizes the research and development milestones reached thus far, and wishes for safe travel ahead. JAXA said the spacecraft will travel through the solar wind just like a ship traveling through the ocean.
Following its Earth flyby in April 2020, BepiColombo was briefly mistaken for a near-Earth asteroid, receiving the provisional designation.
Mission
The mission involves three components, which will separate into independent spacecraft upon arrival at Mercury.- Mercury Transfer Module for propulsion, built by ESA
- Mercury Planetary Orbiter built by ESA
- Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter or Mio built by JAXA
The prime contractor for ESA is Airbus Defence and Space. ESA is responsible for the overall mission, the design, development assembly and test of the propulsion and MPO modules, and the launch. The two orbiters were successfully launched together on 20 October 2018, on Ariane flight VA245. The spacecraft will have a seven-year interplanetary cruise to Mercury using solar-electric propulsion and gravity assists from Earth, Venus and eventual gravity capture at Mercury. ESA's Cebreros 35-metre ground station is planned to be the primary ground facility for communications during all mission phases.
Arriving in Mercury orbit on 5 December 2025, the Mio and MPO satellites will separate and observe Mercury in collaboration for one year, with a possible one-year extension. The orbiters are equipped with scientific instruments provided by various European countries and Japan. The mission will characterize the solid and liquid iron core and determine the size of each. The mission will also complete gravitational and magnetic field mappings. Russia provided gamma ray and neutron spectrometers to verify the existence of water ice in polar craters that are permanently in shadow from the Sun's rays.
Mercury is too small and hot for its gravity to retain any significant atmosphere over long periods of time, but it has a "tenuous surface-bounded exosphere" containing hydrogen, helium, oxygen, sodium, calcium, potassium and other trace elements. Its exosphere is not stable as atoms are continuously lost and replenished from a variety of sources. The mission will study the exosphere composition and dynamics, including generation and escape.
Objectives
The main objectives of the mission are:- Study the origin and evolution of a planet close to its parent star
- Study Mercury's form, interior, structure, geology, composition and craters
- Investigate Mercury's exosphere, composition and dynamics, including generation and escape
- Study Mercury's magnetised envelope - structure and dynamics
- Investigate the origin of Mercury's magnetic field
- Verify Einstein's theory of general relativity by measuring the parameters gamma and beta of the parameterized post-Newtonian formalism with high accuracy.
Design
The stacked spacecraft left Earth with a hyperbolic excess velocity of. Initially, the craft was placed in a heliocentric orbit similar to that of Earth. After both the spacecraft and Earth completed one and a half orbits, it returned to Earth to perform a gravity-assist maneuver and is deflected towards Venus. Two consecutive Venus flybys reduce the perihelion near to the Sun-Mercury distance with almost no need for thrust. A sequence of six Mercury flybys will lower the relative velocity to. After the fourth Mercury flyby, the craft will be in an orbit similar to that of Mercury and will remain in the general vicinity of Mercury. Four final thrust arcs reduce the relative velocity to the point where Mercury will "weakly" capture the spacecraft on 5 December 2025 into polar orbit. Only a small maneuver is needed to bring the craft into an orbit around Mercury with an apocentre of 178,000 km. The orbiters then separate and will adjust their orbits using chemical thrusters.
Schedule
, the mission schedule is:Date | Event | Comment |
20 October 2018 | Launch | |
10 April 2020 | Earth flyby | 1.5 years after launch, successful |
15 October 2020 | First Venus flyby | |
11 August 2021 | Second Venus flyby | 1.35 Venus years after first Venus flyby |
2 October 2021 | First Mercury flyby | |
23 June 2022 | Second Mercury flyby | 2 orbits after 1st Mercury flyby |
20 June 2023 | Third Mercury flyby | >3 orbits after 2nd Mercury flyby |
5 September 2024 | Fourth Mercury flyby | ~4 orbits after 3rd Mercury flyby |
2 December 2024 | Fifth Mercury flyby | 1 orbit after 4th Mercury flyby |
9 January 2025 | Sixth Mercury flyby | ~0.43 orbits after 5th Mercury flyby |
5 December 2025 | Mercury orbit insertion | Spacecraft separation; 3.75 Mercury years after 6th Mercury flyby |
14 March 2026 | MPO in final science orbit | 1.13 Mercury years after orbit insertion |
1 May 2027 | End of nominal mission | 5.82 Mercury years after orbit insertion |
1 May 2028 | End of extended mission | 9.98 Mercury years after orbit insertion |
History
The BepiColombo mission proposal was approved in 2000 by the ESA, with a science payload proposal request issued in 2004. In 2007, Astrium was selected as the prime contractor, and the Soyuz-Fregat launcher was dropped in favor of Ariane 5 as the estimated mass increased. The initial target launch of July 2014 was postponed several times, mostly because of delays on the development of the solar electric propulsion. The total cost of the mission is estimated at US$2 billion.Components
Mercury Transfer Module
QinetiQ T6 | Performance |
Type | Kaufman Ion Engine |
Units on board | 4 |
Diameter | |
Max. thrust | 145 mN each |
Specific impulse | 4,300 s |
Propellant | Xenon |
Total power | 4,628 W |
The Mercury Transfer Module is located at the base of the stack. Its role is to carry the two science orbiters to Mercury and to support them during the cruise.
The MTM is equipped with a solar electric propulsion system as the main spacecraft propulsion. Its four QinetiQ T6 ion thrusters operate singly or in pairs for a maximum combined thrust of 290 mN, making it the most powerful ion engine array ever operated in space. The MTM supplies electrical power for the two hibernating orbiters as well as for its solar electric propulsion system thanks to two 14-meter-long solar panels. Depending on the probe's distance to the Sun, the generated power will range between 7 and 14 kW, each T6 requiring between 2.5 and 4.5 kW according to the desired thrust level.
The solar electric propulsion system has typically very high specific impulse and low thrust. This leads to a flight profile with months-long continuous low-thrust braking phases, interrupted by planetary gravity assists, to gradually reduce the velocity of the spacecraft. Moments before Mercury orbit insertion, the MTM will be jettisoned from the spacecraft stack. After separation from the MTM, the MPO will provide Mio all necessary power and data resources until Mio is delivered to its mission orbit; separation of Mio from MPO will be accomplished by spin-ejection.
Mercury Planetary Orbiter
The Mercury Planetary Orbiter has a mass of and uses a single-sided solar array capable of providing up to 1000 watts and featuring Optical Solar Reflectors to keep its temperature below. The solar array requires continuous rotation keeping the Sun at a low incidence angle in order to generate adequate power while at the same time limiting the temperature.The MPO will carry a payload of 11 instruments, comprising cameras, spectrometers, a radiometer, a laser altimeter, a magnetometer, particle analysers, a Ka-band transponder, and an accelerometer. The payload components are mounted on the nadir side of the spacecraft to achieve low detector temperatures, apart from the MERTIS and PHEBUS spectrometers located directly at the main radiator to provide a better field of view.
A high-temperature-resistant diameter high-gain antenna is mounted on a short boom on the zenith side of the spacecraft. Communications will be on the X and Ka band with an average bit rate of 50 kbit/s and a total data volume of 1550 Gbit/year. ESA's Cebreros 35-metre ground station is planned to be the primary ground facility for communications during all mission phases.
Science payload
The science payload of the Mercury Planetary Orbiter consists of eleven instruments:- BepiColombo Laser Altimeter, developed by DLR in cooperation with the University of Bern, the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research and the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia.
- Italian Spring Accelerometer, developed by Italy
- Mercury Magnetometer, developed by Germany and UK
- Mercury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer, developed by Germany
- Mercury Gamma-ray and Neutron Spectrometer, developed by Russia
- Mercury Imaging X-ray Spectrometer, developed and built by the University of Leicester, the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research and the Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics.
- Mercury Orbiter Radio-science Experiment, developed by Italy and the United States
- Probing of Hermean Exosphere by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, developed by France and Russia
- Search for Exosphere Refilling and Emitted Neutral Abundances, made up of 2 neutral and 2 ionised particle analysers: ELENA developed by Italy; STROFIO developed by United States; MIPA developed by Sweden; PICAM developed by the Space Research Institute, Russian Space Research Institute, Institut de recherche en sciences de l'environnement, European Space Research and Technology Centre, Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research.
- Spectrometers and Imagers for MPO BepiColombo Integrated Observatory System, high resolution stereo cameras and a visual and near infrared spectrometer, developed by Italy, France and Switzerland
- Solar Intensity X-ray and Particle Spectrometer, developed by Finland and UK
''Mio'' (Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter)
Mio is spin stabilized at 15 rpm with the spin axis perpendicular to the equator of Mercury and it will enter polar orbit at an altitude of, outside of MPO's orbit. The top and bottom of the octagon act as radiators with louvers for active temperature control. The sides are covered with solar cells which provide 90 W. Communications with Earth will be through a diameter X band phased array high-gain antenna and two medium-gain antennas operating in the X band. Telemetry will return 160 Gb/year, about 5 kbit/s over the lifetime of the spacecraft, which is expected to be greater than one year. The reaction and control system is based on cold gas thrusters. After its release in Mercury orbit, Mio will be operated by Sagamihara Space Operation Center using Usuda Deep Space Center antenna located in Nagano, Japan.
Science payload
Mio carries five groups of science instruments with a total mass of :- Mercury Plasma Particle Experiment, studies the plasma and neutral particles from the planet, its magnetosphere, and the solar wind. It will employ these instruments:
- * Mercury Electron Analyzers
- * Mercury Ion Analyzer
- * Mass Spectrum Analyzer, developed by Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, IDA of TU Braunschweig and Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
- * High-Energy Particle instrument for electrons
- * High-Energy Particle instrument for Ions
- * Energetic Neutrals Analyzer
- Mercury Magnetometer, studies Mercury's magnetic field, magnetosphere, and interplanetary solar wind
- Plasma Wave Investigation, studies the electric field, electromagnetic waves, and radio waves from the magnetosphere and solar wind
- Mercury Sodium Atmosphere Spectral Imager, studies the thin sodium atmosphere of Mercury
- Mercury Dust Monitor, studies dust from the planet and interplanetary space
Mercury Surface Element (cancelled)