Schliter was next drafted in the 16th round of the 2007 amateur draft by the Philadelphia Phillies, signing. He began his professional career in 2007, splitting the season between the Williamsport Crosscutters and Lakewood BlueClaws. That season he went a combined 0-1 with a 3.51 ERA in 17 relief appearances. In 2008, Schlitter pitched for the Clearwater Threshers in the Phillies organization, going 4-3 with a 2.22 ERA in 34 relief appearances with them.
Chicago Cubs
On August 7, he was traded to the Cubs for pitcher Scott Eyre. He finished the season with the Daytona Cubs, going 0-1 with a 2.16 ERA in seven relief appearances. Overall, he went 4-4 with a 2.21 ERA in 41 relief appearances, striking out 67 batters in 57 innings. Schlitter spent all of 2009 with the Tennessee Smokies, going 1-7 with a 4.38 ERA in 59 relief appearances. He began 2010 with the Iowa Cubs, with whom he went 1-1 with a 4.09 ERA in 27 relief appearances prior to his call up to the major leagues. On June 28, 2010, he made his major league debut. He pitched 2/3 of an inning against the Pittsburgh Pirates, striking out both batters he faced. The Cubs placed Schlitter on the 15-day DL with a right shoulder impingement on July 7, 2010. Schlitter was optioned back to Triple A on August 3, 2010, a day after hitting Milwaukee Brewers center fielder Carlos Gómez on the head with a pitch. After the 2010 season, Schlitter was claimed off waivers by the New York Yankees. He was cut from the Yankees on February 14, 2011, and claimed off waivers by the Phillies on February 15. On April 18, 2011, he was returned to the Cubs. The commissioner's office returned him to the Cubs from the Phillies because of a past elbow injury. After pitching in the Cubs' minor league system in 2012 and 2013, Schlitter attended 2014 spring training as a non roster invitee. On March 29, the Cubs announced that he had made the 2014 major leagueopening day roster. Schlitter earned his first career MLB win on May 3, 2014, against the St. Louis Cardinals. He did not make the opening day roster in 2015 and was designated for assignment on August 27.
Saitama Seibu Lions
On November 10, 2016, Schlitter signed with the Saitama Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball. He became a free agent after the 2017 season.
On February 13, 2018, Schlitter signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He pitched in 58 games for the AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers, with a 7–2 record, 3.36 ERA and 21 saves.
Oakland Athletics
On November 15, 2018, Schlitter signed a minor league deal with the Oakland Athletics. On June 23, 2019, his contract was selected by the A's. On July 29, he was designated for assignment. He elected free agency on October 1. He re-signed with the A's on November 25.
