Calibrated airspeed


Calibrated airspeed is indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and position error.
When flying at sea level under International Standard Atmosphere conditions calibrated airspeed is the same as equivalent airspeed and true airspeed. If there is no wind it is also the same as ground speed. Under any other conditions, CAS may differ from the aircraft's TAS and GS.
Calibrated airspeed in knots is usually abbreviated as KCAS, while indicated airspeed is abbreviated as KIAS.
In some applications, notably British usage, the expression rectified airspeed is used instead of calibrated airspeed.

Practical applications of CAS

CAS has two primary applications in aviation:
With the widespread use of GPS and other advanced navigation systems in cockpits, the first application is rapidly decreasing in importance - pilots are able to read groundspeed
directly, without calculating calibrated airspeed as an intermediate step. The second application remains critical, however - for example, at the same weight, an aircraft will rotate and climb at approximately the same calibrated airspeed at any elevation, even though the true airspeed and groundspeed may differ significantly. These V speeds are usually given as IAS rather than CAS, so that a pilot can read them directly from the airspeed indicator.

Calculation from impact pressure

Since the airspeed indicator capsule responds to impact pressure, CAS is defined as a function of impact pressure alone. Static pressure and temperature appear as fixed coefficients defined by convention as standard sea level values. It so happens that the speed of sound is a direct function of temperature, so instead of a standard temperature, we can define a standard speed of sound.
For subsonic speeds, CAS is calculated as:
where:
For supersonic airspeeds, where a normal shock forms in front of the pitot probe, the Rayleigh formula applies:
The supersonic formula must be solved iteratively, by assuming an initial value for equal to.
These formulae work in any units provided the appropriate values for and are selected. For example, = 1013.25 hPa, =. The ratio of specific heats for air is assumed to be 1.4.
These formulae can then be used to calibrate an airspeed indicator when impact pressure is measured using a water manometer or accurate pressure gauge. If using a water manometer to measure millimeters of water the reference pressure may be entered as 10333 mm.
At higher altitudes CAS can be corrected for compressibility error to give equivalent airspeed. In practice compressibility error is negligible below about and.