Capitalization of Internet
Publishers have different conventions regarding the capitalization of Internet versus internet, when referring to the Internet, as distinct from generic internets, or internetworks.
Internet and internet were originally coined as a shorthand for internetwork, in the first TCP specification,, written by Vint Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine in 1974. Since the widespread deployment of the Internet protocol suite in the 1980s, the Internet Engineering Task Force, the Internet Society, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, the W3C, and others have consistently spelled the name of the worldwide network, the Internet, with an initial capital letter and treated it as a proper noun in the English language. The Oxford English Dictionary notes that the global network is usually "the internet", but most of the American historical sources it cites use the capitalized form. Before the transformation of the ARPANET into the modern Internet, the term internet in its lowercase spelling was a common short form of the term internetwork, and this spelling and use may still be found in discussions of networking.
The spelling "internet" has become commonly used, as the word nearly always refers to the global network; the generic sense of the word has become rare. As a result, The Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press both revised their formerly capitalized stylization of the word to lowercase "internet" in 2016. The New York Times, which followed suit in adopting the lowercase style, noted that such a change is common practice when "newly coined or unfamiliar terms" become part of the lexicon.
In some of the first printed mentions of the Internet, like many other US government projects of the period, it was referred to in all caps as INTERNET, despite not being an acronym.
The Internet versus generic internets
The Internet standards community historically differentiated between the Internet and an internet, treating the former as a proper noun with a capital letter, and the latter as a common noun with lower-case first letter. An internet is any internetwork or set of inter-connected Internet Protocol networks. The distinction is evident in Request for Comments documents from the early 1980s, when the transition from the ARPANET to the Internet was in progress, although it was not applied with complete uniformity.Another example from that period is IBM's TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview from 1989, which stated that:
The words internetwork and internet is simply a contraction of the phrase interconnected network. However, when written with a capital "I," the Internet refers to the worldwide set of interconnected networks. Hence, the Internet is an internet, but the reverse does not apply. The Internet is sometimes called the connected internet.
In the Request for Comments documents that define the evolving Internet Protocol standards, the term was introduced as a noun adjunct, apparently a shortening of "internetworking" and is mostly used in this way.
As the behind IP grew, it became more common to regard the results of internetworking as entities of their own, and internet became a noun, used both in a generic sense and in a specific sense.
In its generic sense, internet is a common noun, a synonym for internetwork; therefore, it has a plural form and is not capitalized.
In a 1991 court case, Judge Jon O. Newman used it as a mass noun: "Morris released the worm into INTERNET, which is a group of national networks that connect university, governmental, and military computers around the country."
Argument for common noun usage
In 2002, a New York Times column said that Internet has been changing from a proper noun to a generic term. Words for new technologies, such as phonograph in the 19th century, are sometimes capitalized at first, later becoming uncapitalized. In 1999, another column said that Internet might, like some other commonly used proper nouns, lose its capital letter.Capitalization of the word as an adjective also varies. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized as a noun but not capitalized as an adjective, e.g., "internet resources."
Argument for proper noun usage
Because there is only one global Internet, when one speaks about the Internet itself, it should be capitalized as a proper name.A similar rule would be NASA's capitalization of "moon" or "sun," which states: "Capitalize 'Moon' when referring to Earth's Moon; otherwise, lowercase 'moon'. Capitalize 'Sun' when referring to our Sun but not to other suns."
Usage examples
Style guides
In 2016, The Chicago Manual of Style announced that its 17th edition would remove the capitalization of "internet." The same year, the Associated Press announced that the 2016 AP Stylebook will no longer capitalize "internet".The Modern Language Association's MLA Handbook does not specifically mention capitalization of Internet, but its consistent practice is to capitalize it.
Media publications
Examples of media publications and news outlets that capitalize the term include Time, the United States Government Printing Office, and The Times of India. In addition, many peer-reviewed journals and professional publications such as Communications of the ACM capitalize "Internet", and this style guideline is also specified by the American Psychological Association in its electronic media spelling guide.A few of the publications that do not capitalize internet are The Economist, the Financial Times, The Times of London, The Guardian, The Observer, the BBC, and The Sydney Morning Herald. Wired News, an American news source, adopted the lower-case spelling in 2004. Media companies like BuzzFeed and Vox Media avoid capitalizing the "internet" similarly. Around April 2010, CNN shifted its house style to adopt the lowercase spelling. The New York Times announced their decision in May 2016 to decapitalize all instances of "internet" for reasons similar to AP's; The Times also cited its own overarching goal to use styles that will be least distracting to its readership. As Internet connectivity has expanded, it has started to be seen as a service similar to television, radio, and telephone, and the word has come to be used in this way.