Chernobyl New Safe Confinement


The New Safe Confinement is a structure built to confine the remains of the number 4 reactor unit at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, in Ukraine, which was destroyed during the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. The structure also encloses the temporary Shelter Structure that was built around the reactor immediately after the disaster. The New Safe Confinement is designed to prevent the release of radioactive contaminants, protect the reactor from external influence, facilitate the disassembly and decommissioning of the reactor, and prevent water intrusion.
The New Safe Confinement is a megaproject that is part of the Shelter Implementation Plan and supported by the Chernobyl Shelter Fund. It was designed with the primary goal of confining the radioactive remains of reactor 4 for the next 100 years. It also aims to allow for a partial demolition of the original sarcophagus, which was hastily constructed by Chernobyl liquidators after a beyond design-basis accident destroyed the reactor.
The word is used rather than the traditional to emphasize the difference between the containment of radioactive gases—the primary focus of most reactor containment buildings—and the confinement of solid radioactive waste that is the primary purpose of the New Safe Confinement.
In 2015, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development stated that the international community was aiming to close a €100 million funding gap, with administration by the EBRD in its role as manager of the Chernobyl decommissioning funds. The total cost of the Shelter Implementation Plan, of which the New Safe Confinement is the most prominent element, is estimated to be around €2.15 billion. The New Safe Confinement accounts for €1.5 billion.
The French consortium Novarka with partners Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Bouygues Travaux Publics designed and built the New Safe Confinement. Construction was completed at the end of 2018.

Legacy structure

The original shelter, formally referred to as the Shelter Structure and often called the sarcophagus, was constructed between May and November 1986. It was an emergency measure to confine the radioactive materials within reactor 4 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The shelter was constructed under extreme conditions, with very high levels of radiation, and under extreme time constraints. The Shelter Structure was moderately successful in confining radioactive contamination and providing for post-accident monitoring of the destroyed nuclear reactor unit; it has been estimated that up to 95% of the original radioactive inventory of reactor 4 remains inside the ruins of the reactor building.
The Shelter Structure is primarily supported by the damaged remains of the reactor 4 building. These are largely considered to be structurally unsound as a result of explosive forces caused by the accident. Three major structural members support the roof of the Shelter Structure. Two beams, usually referred to as B-1 and B-2, run in an east-west direction and support the roof beams and panels. A third, more massive member, the "Mammoth Beam", spans the largest distance across the roof from east to west and assists in supporting the roof beams and panels. The roof of the shelter consists of diameter steel pipes laid horizontally north to south, and steel panels that rest at an angle, also in the north-south direction.
The Shelter Structure was never intended to be a permanent containment structure. Its continued deterioration has increased the risk of its radioactive inventory leaking into the environment. Between 2004 and 2008, workers stabilized the roof and western wall of the shelter. However, construction of the New Safe Confinement was necessary to continue confining the radioactive remains of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant reactor 4.
Further upgrades to the area in preparation for New Safe Confinement construction were completed in 2010. These included road and rail connections, site services, facilities for workers, and the installation of a long-term monitoring system.

International design competition

In 1992, Ukraine's government held an international competition for proposals to replace the sarcophagus.
In the autumn of 1992, Design Group Partnership of Manchester was invited to assist the Atomic Energy Authority for the UK's submission for the international competition organized by the Ukrainian government.
DGP's senior management was assembled to generate a solution. David Haslewood suggested an arch, built off-site, and then slid over the existing Soviet-built sarcophagus because:
Of the 394 entries, only the British submission proposed a sliding arch approach. There was no top design choice, but the French submission came as second best with the UK and German proposals coming joint third.
Subsequently, a pan-European study re-examined the proposals of the competition's top three finalists. The study selected the sliding arch concept as the best solution for their further investigations and recommendations, primarily to reduce the chance of the construction workers receiving a harmful dose of radiation. The French consortium named Novarka eventually won the contract for the final sliding arch design.
On 17 September 2007 Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Bouygues Travaux Publics announced that they won the contract to design and build the New Safe Confinement as 50/50 partners of the French consortium Novarka. The original 432 million euros contract comprises the design and construction of the New Safe Confinement and planned to employ 900 people at its peak.
The project has involved workers and specialists from at least 24 countries in addition to Ukraine.

New Safe Confinement Structural design

The New Safe Confinement design is an arch-shaped steel structure with an internal height of and a distance between the centers of the upper and lower arch chords. The internal span of the arch is, and the external span is. The dimensions of the arch were determined based on the need to operate equipment inside the new shelter and decommission the existing shelter. The overall length of the structure is, consisting of 13 arches assembled apart to form 12 bays. Vertical walls assembled around, but not supported by the existing structures of the reactor building seal the ends of the structure.
The arches are constructed of tubular steel members and are externally clad with three-layer sandwich panels. These external panels are also used on the end walls of the structure. Internally, polycarbonate panels cover each arch to prevent the accumulation of radioactive particles on the frame members.
Large parts of the arches were shop-fabricated and transported to the assembly site west of reactor 4. Each of the steel tubes is made of high-strength steel to reduce cost and assembly weight. The steel used in the construction of the tubular members has a yield strength of no less than.
Warm, dry air will be circulated in the gap between inner and outer roof sections to prevent condensation, which will reduce corrosion and prevent water from dripping into the interior.

Design goals

The New Safe Confinement was designed with the following criteria:
The foundations of the New Safe Confinement were designed to meet the primary requirements:
The site of the New Safe Confinement is slightly sloped, ranging in elevation from on the eastern side to on the western side. The foundation was required to account for this difference without extensive site leveling.
The ground upon which the foundation was built is unique in that it contains a just below the surface that is approximately in overall depth. Radioactive contamination from the accident created the technogenic layer. It consists of various materials including nuclear material, stone, sand, loamy sands, unreinforced concrete, and construction wastes. It is considered unfeasible to determine the geotechnical characteristics of this soil layer. As a result of this, no assumptions about the load-bearing properties of the technogenic layer were made during the design of the foundation.
The water table at Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant fluctuates from on average in December to on average in May.
Several options were considered for the foundation design for the New Safe Confinement. Ultimately, the final design was specified as consisting of three lines of two foundation panels, each in length, and a high pile cap that reaches to a height of of elevation. This option was selected to minimize the cost of the foundation, the number of cuts into radioactive soil layers, dose uptake of workers, and risk to the environment from further contamination. The foundation has a slight elevation difference between the area in which the New Safe Confinement was constructed and the final resting area around reactor 4.
Special consideration was necessary for the excavation required for foundation construction due to the high level of radioactivity found in the upper layers of soil. The conceptual designers of the New Safe Confinement recommended the use of rope operated grabs for the first of pile excavation for the Chernobyl site. This reduced the direct exposure of workers to the most contaminated sections of the soil. Deeper excavation for the foundation piles were accomplished using hydraulic clam shells operated under bentonite slurry protection.
The foundation is designed to withstand horizontal acceleration structural loads of up to, as well as to withstand an F3 tornado. The original design for the structure required it to withstand an F1 tornado until an independent beyond-design-basis analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of an F3 tornado on the structure.

Assembly process

The system used in the assembly of the New Safe Confinement derived from civilian bridge launching and bridge cantilever methods. The New Safe Confinement was assembled in the following steps:
  1. Stabilization of the Shelter Structure to prevent collapse during construction.
  2. Excavation and construction of the foundation.
  3. Assembly of first and second arches to form Bay 1, installation of east wall on arch 1.
  4. Bay 1 was slid East to accommodate the construction of arch 3 and Bay 2.
  5. Subsequent sliding of the complete structure and adding of arches and bays to complete the structure.
  6. Installation of cranes and large maintenance equipment.
  7. Installation of the west wall.
  8. Final slide into place over reactor 4.
  9. Deconstruction of the fragmentation, decontamination, and auxiliary buildings.
This process of assembly was deemed advantageous because it took advantage of the designed mobility of the structure to maximize the distance between workers and the reactor building, thereby minimizing their exposure to radiation.
As each bay was completed, infrastructure equipment—including that for ventilation systems, radiation monitoring, plumbing, and electrical was installed.

Positioning

The New Safe Confinement was constructed west of reactor 4, and slid into place. Sliding of the structure along foundation rails was a difficult process. It was pushed on Teflon pads by hydraulic pistons, and guided by lasers., the New Safe Confinement is the world's largest movable land-based structure.
Two options were initially considered for moving the structure: hydraulic jacks to push the structure forward, or pulling the structure with large, multi-stranded steel cables. The first option would require the relocation of the hydraulic jacks after each push. This process would necessitate more worker interaction with the system and a greater worker exposure to radiation. The second option was initially chosen because it would expose workers to a lower radiation dose, and would have moved the structure into its final position in less than 24 hours. However, the structure was moved using hydraulic jacks, beginning the move on November 14, 2016, and finishing on November 29.

Demolition of existing structures

The operational phase of the New Safe Confinement will involve the demolition of the unstable structures associated with the original Shelter Structure. The goal of demolition has imposed significant requirements upon the load carrying capacity of the arches and foundation of the New Safe Confinement, as these structures must carry the weight of not only the disassembled structure, but also the suspended cranes to be used in demolition.

Demolition equipment

The New Safe Confinement design includes two bridge cranes suspended from the arches. These cranes travel east to west on common runways and each has a span of.
Each crane can carry a variety of interchangeable carriages. Three types of carriages have been designed for the New Safe Confinement:
The cranes' carriage interchangeability allows the rotation of the largest members to be demolished, reducing the overall size of the New Safe Confinement by approximately one arch bay.
After the members to be demolished are removed by crane they must be fragmented into pieces small enough to decontaminate. It is expected that the primary contamination of most demolished elements will be loose surface dust and can easily be removed. Decontamination will take place using vacuum cleaners with HEPA filters, grit blasting, and scarifying. Once decontaminated to the maximum extent practical, pieces will be further fragmented for eventual disposal. Fragmentation tools include plasma arc cutting torches, diamond circular cutting wheels, and diamond wire cutting. The tools selected for the demolition process were selected based on a number of factors including minimization of individual and collective radiation exposure, the amount of secondary waste generated, the feasibility of remote operation, the cutting efficiency, fire safety, capital cost and operating costs.
The exact methods for disposing of wastes generated by the demolition process have not been determined, and may include on-site burial outside the New Safe Confinement for low-level waste, and long-term storage inside the New Safe Confinement for medium and high-level wastes. no policy has been decided for the disposal and processing of fuel containing materials.

Elements to be demolished

The following elements of the Shelter Structure are planned for demolition:
ElementQuantityMass of each
Length of each
Length of each
Southern roof flat panels63128.794.2
Southern roof flat panels61628.794.2
Southern hockey stick panels123825.583.7
Mammoth beam112770229.7
Northern beam B116555180.4
Southern beam B116555180.4
Northern hockey stick panels1891859.1
Eastern hockey stick panels17.25723.0
Light roof62136118.1
Piping roof272036118.1
Northern beam B215740131.2
Southern beam B215740131.2
TOTALS:85 elements1944.25 tons439.9 meters1443.2415 feet

Types of materials to be demolished

The elements that are to be demolished fall into several broad material types:
Near to the Chernobyl site, the Vector Radioactive Waste Storage Facility is being built, consisting of the Industrial Complex for Solid Radwaste Management, a nuclear waste storage site. It is being constructed by Nukem Technologies, a German nuclear decommissioning company, a subsidiary of the Russian Atomstroyexport. This storage is reported to be able to contain of material. The storage is for both temporary high level waste as well as low and intermediate long-term level waste storage.

Worker safety and radioactive exposure

in the shelter is monitored by hundreds of sensors. Workers in the 'local zone' carry two dosimeters, one showing real-time exposure and the second recording information for the worker's dose log.
Workers have a daily and annual radiation exposure limit. Their dosimeter beeps if the limit is reached and the worker's site access is cancelled. The annual limit may be reached by spending 12 minutes above the roof of the 1986 sarcophagus, or a few hours around its chimney.

Project timeline and status

There has been concern about Ukraine's ability to properly maintain the New Safe Confinement, with Deputy project manager Victor Zalizetskyi stating that "It looks like Ukraine will be left alone to deal with this structure"
YearPlanned
completion
2005
June 2003February 2008
20092012
February 20102013
April 2011Summer 2015.
November 2016November 2017
December 2017December 2018

The New Safe Confinement was originally intended to be completed in 2005, but the project has suffered lengthy delays.
Major project milestones include:
; March 2004 : An international tender for New Safe Confinement design and construction was announced. Two bid candidates were identified, but in September 2006 the plant's general director Ihor Hramotkyn announced his intent to annul all bids on the project.
; September 17, 2007 : The project contract was signed, with French consortium constructing the arch structure. Construction costs were estimated at $1.4bn with a project time of five years. The estimated time for completion was given as 53 months, including 18 months of planning and design studies, with a projected completion in mid-2012.
; 2009 : Progress was made with stabilization of the existing sarcophagus, which was then considered stable enough for another 15 years.
; September 2010 : Novarka began construction.
; April 2011 : Some project milestones, including infrastructure and preparatory work such as the New Safe Confinement pilings, were completed.
; April 2012 : Steel erection began.
; November 26, 2012 : The first sections were raised.
; June 13, 2013 : The second lifting operation on the eastern arch was performed.
; April 2014 : The fully lifted eastern arch was moved eastward on its rails to a parking position to clear the construction area for building the western arch.
; August 4, 2014 : The western arch completed the second of three lifting operations which raised the height of the arch.
; November 12, 2014 : Successfully completed the third ascent of the western part arches.
; April 2015 : The two arches were fused, and the west wall was under construction.
; April 2016 : Construction of the arches was completed.
; November 14, 2016 : The arch slipping procedure began.
; November 29, 2016 : The New Safe Confinement slipping was completed, taking a total of fifteen days. It was pushed on Polytetrafluoroethylene pads by hydraulic pistons, guided by lasers.
; November 2017 : Development company Rodina began the construction on the first PV project to be developed within the Chernobyl exclusion zone. 3,762 solar modules would be installed at the site with a generation capacity of.
; December 2017 : Construction completion is delayed until late 2018 due to a contractor being unable to finish its work in time. The reason is the extremely high level of radiation, forcing workers to limit their presence at the site to a minimum.
; January 2019 : Various subsystems are in operation, including the radiation monitoring system, the back-up power supply system, the fire protection system, as well as lighting, communication, and HVAC.
; April 2019 : Successful conclusion of the 72-hour trial operation test.
;July 2019 : Construction on the €1.5 billion structure is completed and the sarcophagus is opened to media visits on 3 July.

Responsible organizations

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is responsible for managing the Shelter Implementation Plan, including overseeing the construction of the New Safe Confinement.