Circassian languages


Circassian, also known as Cherkess, is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family. There are two Circassian languages, defined by their literary standards, Adyghe, with half a million speakers, and Kabardian, with a million. The languages are mutually intelligible with one another, but differ to a degree where they would be considered clear-cut dialects. The earliest extant written records of the Circassian languages are in the Arabic script, recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century.
There is a strong consensus among the linguistic community about the fact that Adyghe and Kabardian are typologically distinct languages. However, the local terms for these languages refer to them as dialects. The Circassian people call themselves адыгэ in their native language. In the southwestern part of European Russia, there is also a Federal Subject called Adygea, enclaved within Krasnodar Krai, which is named after the Circassian endonym. In the Russian language, Circassian subdivision is treated as a single language and called адыгский, whereas the Adyghe language is called адыгейский. The terms Circassian and Cherkess are sometimes used in several languages as synonyms for the Northwest Caucasian languages in general or the Adyghe language in particular.

Circassian languages

Adyghe Alphabet
А а
Б б
В в
Г г
or
Гу гу
Гъ гъ
Гъу гъу
Д д
Дж дж
Дз дз
Дзу дзу
Е е
Ё ё
Ж ж
Жъ жъ
Жъу жъу
or
Жь жь
З з
И и
Й й
К к
Ку ку
Къ къ
Къу къу
Кӏ кӏ
Кӏу кӏу
Л л
or
Лъ лъ
Лӏ лӏ
М м
Н н
О о
П п
Пӏ пӏ
Пӏу пӏу
Р р
С с
Т т
Тӏ тӏ
Тӏу тӏу
У у
Ф ф
Х х
Ху ху
Хъ хъ
Хъу хъу
Хь хь
Ц ц
Цу цу
Цӏ цӏ
Ч ч
ЧI чI
Чъ чъ
Ш ш
Шъ шъ
Шъу шъу
or
Шӏ шӏ
Шӏу шӏу
Щ щ
Ъ ъ
Ы ы
Ь ь
Э э
Ю ю
Я я
ӏ
ӏу
-----

Kabardian Alphabet
А а
Э э
Б б
В в
Г г
Гу гу
Гъ гъ
Гъу гъу
Д д
Дж дж
or
Дз дз
Е е
Ё ё
Ж ж
Жь жь
З з
И и
Й й
К к
Ку ку
Къ къ
Къу къу
Кхъ кхъ
Кхъу кхъу
Кӏ кӏ
or
Кӏу кӏу
Л л
or
Лъ лъ
Лӏ лӏ
М м
Н н
О о
П п
Пӏ пӏ
Р р
С с
Т т
Тӏ тӏ
У у
Ф ф
Фӏ фӏ
Х х
Ху ху
Хъ хъ
Хъу хъу
Хь хь
Ц ц
Цӏ цӏ
Ч ч
Ш ш
Щ щ
Щӏ щӏ
Ъ ъ
Ы ы
Ь ь
Ю ю
Я я
ӏ
ӏу
-----

Dialectal letters
Гь гь
Кь кь
Кӏь кӏь
Сӏ сӏ
Чу чу
ӏь

Sound changes

Sound changes between Adyghe and Kabardian:
Circassian languages contain "many loan-words from Arabic, Turkish, Persian and Russian".

Literature