DASH7
DASH7 Alliance Protocol is an open source Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network protocol, which operates in the 433 MHz, 868 MHz and 915 MHz unlicensed ISM band/SRD band. DASH7 provides multi-year battery life, range of up to 2 km, low latency for connecting with moving things, a very small open source protocol stack, AES 128-bit shared key encryption support, and data transfer of up to 167 kbit/s. The DASH7 Alliance Protocol is the name of the technology promoted by the non-profit consortium called the DASH7 Alliance.
International standard
DASH7 Alliance Protocol originates from the ISO/IEC 18000-7 standard describing a 433 MHz ISM band air interface for active RFID. This standard was mainly used for military logistics.The DASH7 Alliance re-purposed the original 18000-7 technology in 2011 and made it evolve toward a wireless sensor network technology for commercial applications. The DASH7 Alliance Protocol covers all Sub-GHz ISM bands making it available globally. The name of the new protocol was derived from the section seven denoted as -7 of the original standard document.
The current version of the DASH7 Alliance protocol is no more compliant with the ISO/IEC 18000-7 standard.
History
In January 2009, the U.S. Department of Defense announced the largest RFID award in history, a $429 million contract for DASH7 devices, to four prime contractors: Savi Technology, Northrop Grumman Information Technology, Unisys and Systems & Processes Engineering Corp..In March 2009, the DASH7 Alliance, a non-profit industry consortium to promote interoperability among DASH7-compliant devices, was announced, and as of July 2010 has more than fifty participants in twenty-three countries. Similar to what the Wi-Fi Alliance does for IEEE 802.11, the is doing for the ISO 18000-7 standard for wireless sensor networking.
In April 2011, the DASH7 Alliance adoption of DASH7 Mode 2, a next-generation version of the ISO 18000-7 standard that makes better use of modern silicon to achieve faster throughput, multi-hop, lower latency, better security, sensor support, and a built-in query protocol.
In March 2012, the DASH7 Alliance it was making the DASH7 Mode 2 specification available to non-members on an open source basis.
In July 2013, the DASH7 Alliance announced the DASH7 Alliance Protocol Draft 0.2.
In May 2015, the DASH7 Alliance the v1.0 of the DASH7 Alliance Protocol.
In January 2017, the DASH7 Alliance publicly released the v1.1 of the DASH7 Alliance Protocol. The version constitutes a major update of v1.0, in particular in the area of security and interoperability.
Technical summary
contrasts with existing wireless data technologies, after:| Global Standard Used | Frequency bands | Channel width | Range | Frequencies available globally | Maximum end node transmit power | Packet size | Data rate | Topology | End node roaming allowed | Governing body |
| DASH7 Alliance Protocol 1.x | 433/868/915 MHz ISM/SRD | 25 kHz or 200 kHz | 0–5 km | 433 MHz: +10dBm 868/915 MHz: +27dBm | max. 256 bytes/packet | 9.6 kbit/s, 55.55 kbit/s or 166.667 kbit/s / 9.6 kbit/s, 55.55 kbit/s or 166.667 kbit/s | Node-to-node, Star, Tree | Yes | DASH7 Alliance | |
| IEEE P802.11ah | Unlicensed Sub-1 GHz bands | 1/2/4/8/16 MHz | Up to 1 km | Dependent on Regional Regulations | Up to 7,991 Bytes, up to 65,535 Bytes | 150kbit/s ~ 346.666Mbit/s/150kbit/s ~ 346.666Mbit/s | Star, Tree | Allowed by other 802.11 amendments | IEEE 802.11 working group | |
| Ingenu RPMA | 2.4 GHz ISM | 1 MHz | >500 km LoS | to 20 dBm | 6B–10kB | AP aggregates to 624 kbit/s per Sector /AP aggregates to 156 kbit/s per Sector | Typically Star. Tree supported with an RPMA extender | Yes | Ingenu | |
| LTE-Cat M | Cellular | 1.4 MHz | 2.5–5 km | 100 mW | ~100 -~1000 bytes typical | ~200 kbit/s/~200 kbit/s | Star | Yes | 3GPP | |
| LoRaWAN | 433/868/780/915 MHz ISM | EU: 8x125kHz, US 64x125kHz/8x125kHz, Modulation: Chirp Spread Spectrum | 2–5k, 15k, 702 km LoS tested, 1500 km Link Budget | EU:<+14 dBm, US:<+27 dBm | User defined | EU: 300 bit/s to 50 kbit/s/300 bit/s to 50 kbit/s, US:900bit/s-100kbit/s/900bit/s-100kbit/s | Star on Star | Yes | LoRa Alliance | |
| nWave | Sub-1 GHz ISM | Ultra narrow band | 10 km, 20– 30 km | 25–100 mW | 12 byte header, 2- 20 byte payload | 100 bit/s/- | Star | Yes | Weightless SIG | |
| SigFox | 868/902 MHz ISM | Ultra narrow band | 30–50 km, 3– 10 km, 1000 km LoS | 10μW to 100 mW | 12 bytes | 100 bit/s to 140 messages/day/max. 4 messages of 8 bytes/day | Star | Yes | SigFox | |
| Weightless-W | 400-800 MHz | 5 MHz | 5 km | 17 dBm | 10 byte min. | 1 kbit/s to 10 Mbit/s/1 kbit/s to 10 Mbit/s | Star | Yes | Weightless SIG | |
| Weightless-N | Sub-1 GHz ISM | Ultra narrow band | 3 km | 17 dBm | Up to 20 bytes | 100 bit/s/- | Star | Yes | Weightless SIG | |
| Weightless-P | Sub-1 GHz ISM | 12.5 kHz | 2 km | 17 dBm | 10 byte min. | 200 bit/s to 100 kbit/s/200 bit/s to 100 kbit/s | Star | Yes | Weightless SIG |
BLAST networking technology
Networks based on DASH7 differ from typical wire-line and wireless networks utilizing a "session". DASH7 networks serves applications in which low power usage is essential, and data transmission is typically much slower and/or sporadic, like basic telemetry. Thus instead of replicating a wire-line "session", DASH7 was designed with the concept of B.L.A.S.T.:- Bursty: Data transfer is abrupt and does not include content such as video, audio, or other isochronous forms of data.
- Light: For most applications, packet sizes are limited to 256 bytes. Transmission of multiple, consecutive packets may occur but is generally avoided if possible.
- Asynchronous: DASH7's main method of communication is by command-response, which by design requires no periodic network "hand-shaking" or synchronization between devices.
- Stealth: DASH7 devices does not need periodic beaconing to be able to respond in communication.
- Transitive: A DASH7 system of devices is inherently mobile or transitional. Unlike other wireless technologies DASH7 is upload-centric, not download-centric, thus devices do not need to be managed extensively by fixed infrastructure.
Sub 1-GHz
Sub 1-GHz is ideal for wireless sensor networking applications since it penetrates concrete and water, but also has the ability to transmit/receive over very long ranges without requiring a large power draw on a battery. The low input current of typical tag configurations allows for battery powering on coin cell or thin film batteries.
Tag-to-tag communications
Unlike most active RFID or LPWAN technologies, DASH7 supports tag-to-tag communications.Localization
Localization techniques can be applied to DASH7 endpoints. An accuracy of 1m using DASH7 beacons at 433 MHz has been achieved in a lab experiment.Integrated query protocol
DASH7 supports a built-in query protocol that minimizes "round trips" for most messaging applications that results in lower latency and higher network throughput.Range
DASH7 provides a link budget of up to 140 dB with 27 dBm transmission power, which positions the technology as Medium Range, compared to Short Range and Long Range. Note that higher ranges are always obtained at the expense of per-bit power consumption and transmission duration. Low power long range technologies are generally not truly bi-directional as the regular scanning duty is pretty high. In this context, DASH7 is a very good compromise between range, power consumption, and bi-directionality and is very suitable for industrial applications with effective range of 100 m to 500 m.In line-of-sight situations, DASH7 devices today advertise read ranges of 1 kilometer or more, however ranges of up to 10 km have been tested by Savi Technology and are easily achievable in the European Union where governmental regulations are less constrained than in the USA.
Interoperability
The DASH7 Alliance is currently working on a Certification program that tests functionally the DASH7 devices. The certification is composed of a set of test scenarios covering transactions in different stack configurations. The physical wireless interface is not covered by the certification, and will have to comply to local radio regulations.Alternative modulations
The DASH7 Alliance policy does not allow to add proprietary or licensable modulation techniques in the official DASH7 Alliance Protocol. However, the layered structure of the protocol allows to easily integrate alternative modulations, such as LoRa, under the Network Layer.Applications
Commercial applications
Similar to other networking technologies that began with defense sector, DASH7 is similarly suited to a wide range of applications in development or being deployed including:- Building Automation, Access Control, Smart Energy. DASH7's signal propagation characteristics allow it to penetrate walls, windows, doors, and other substances that serve as impediments to other technologies operating at 2.45 GHz, for example. For smart energy and building automation applications, DASH7 networks can be deployed with far less infrastructure than competing technologies and at far lower total cost of ownership.
- Location-Based Services DASH7 is being used today for developing new location-based services using a range of DASH7-enabled devices including smartcards, keyfobs, tickets, watches and other conventional products that can take advantage of the unique small footprint, low power, long range, and low cost of DASH7 relative to less practical and high-power wireless technologies like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. Using DASH7, users can to venues in ways not practical with current check-in technologies like GPS, that are power-intensive and fail indoors and in urban environments. Location-based services like Foursquare, Novitaz, or Facebook can exploit this capability in DASH7 and award loyalty points, allow users to view the Facebook or Twitter addresses of those walking past, and more.
- Mobile advertising DASH7 is being developed for and kiosks, likewise "smart" posters that can be ready from many meters away, creating new opportunities for both tracking the effectiveness of advertising spend but also creating new e-commerce opportunities. DASH7's potential to and check-outs provides essential infrastructure to location-based advertising and promotions
- Automotive DASH7 is increasingly seen as the next-generation tire pressure monitoring system given its operation at the same frequency as nearly all proprietary TPMS systems today. DASH7-based TPMS will provide end users with more accurate tire pressure readings, resulting in greater fuel economy, reduced tire wear and tear, and greater safety. DASH7 products are also being designed and used for other automotive applications like supply chain visibility.
- Logistics DASH7 is being used today for tracking the whereabouts of shipping containers, pallets, roll cages, trucks, rail cars, maritime vessels, and other supply chain assets, providing businesses with unprecedented visibility into their everyday operations. Also cold chain management, whereby DASH7 is used for monitoring the in-transit temperature and other environmental factors that can impact the integrity of sensitive products.
Developer support