A sequence of non-negative integers can be represented as the degree sequence of a finite simple graph on n vertices if and only if is even and holds for every k in.
Proofs
It is not difficult to show that the conditions of the Erdős–Gallai theorem are necessary for a sequence of numbers to be graphic. The requirement that the sum of the degrees be even is the handshaking lemma, already used by Euler in his 1736 paper on the bridges of Königsberg. The inequality between the sum of the largest degrees and the sum of the remaining degrees can be established by double counting: the left side gives the numbers of edge-vertex adjacencies among the highest-degree vertices, each such adjacency must either be on an edge with one or two high-degree endpoints, the term on the right gives the maximum possible number of edge-vertex adjacencies in which both endpoints have high degree, and the remaining term on the right upper bounds the number of edges that have exactly one high degree endpoint. Thus, the more difficult part of the proof is to show that, for any sequence of numbers obeying these conditions, there exists a graph for which it is the degree sequence. The original proof of was long and involved. cites a shorter proof by Claude Berge, based on ideas of network flow. Choudum instead provides a proof by mathematical induction on the sum of the degrees: he lets be the first index of a number in the sequence for which , uses a case analysis to show that the sequence formed by subtracting one from and from the last number in the sequence is again graphic, and forms a graph representing the original sequence by adding an edge between the two positions from which one was subtracted. consider a sequence of "subrealizations", graphs whose degrees are upper bounded by the given degree sequence. They show that, if G is a subrealization, and i is the smallest index of a vertex in G whose degree is not equal todi, then G may be modified in a way that produces another subrealization, increasing the degree of vertex i without changing the degrees of the earlier vertices in the sequence. Repeated steps of this kind must eventually reach a realization of the given sequence, proving the theorem.
describe close connections between the Erdős–Gallai theorem and the theory ofinteger partitions. Let ; then the sorted integer sequences summing to may be interpreted as the partitions of. Under majorization of their prefix sums, the partitions form a lattice, in which the minimal change between an individual partition and another partition lower in the partition order is to subtract one from one of the numbers and add it to a number that is smaller by at least two. As Aigner and Triesch show, this operation preserves the property of being graphic, so to prove the Erdős–Gallai theorem it suffices to characterize the graphic sequences that are maximal in this majorization order. They provide such a characterization, in terms of the Ferrers diagrams of the corresponding partitions, and show that it is equivalent to the Erdős–Gallai theorem.
Graphic sequences for other types of graphs
Similar theorems describe the degree sequences of simple directed graphs, simple directed graphs with loops, and simple bipartite graphs. The first problem is characterized by the Fulkerson–Chen–Anstee theorem. The latter two cases, which are equivalent, are characterized by the Gale–Ryser theorem.
Stronger version
proved that it suffices to consider the th inequality such that with and for. restrict the set of inequalities for graphs in an opposite thrust. If an even-summed positive sequence d has no repeated entries other than the maximum and the minimum, then it suffices to check only the th inequality, where.
Generalization
A finite sequences of nonnegative integers with is graphic if is even and there exists a sequence that is graphic and majorizes. This result was given by. reinvented it and gave a more direct proof.
