Fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries


The '''fortifications of Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries comprise:
They were built in two stages:
From a military point of view, Paris is a fortified camp situated in a basin. During the 19th century, both Prussian invasions saw the bombardment of Paris from the surrounding heights. Fortifications were extended outwards after each invasion as the range of artillery continued to develop, in order to deny the use of the heights to the enemy.

Chronology

Louis XIV

1670 The king demolishes the walls of Charles V and Louis XIII. Paris becomes an open city and remains so for two centuries.
1689 Vauban recommends the enclosure of Paris, with the construction of a second enclosure to include the then-villages of Chaillot, Montmartre and Belleville, and two citadels flanking the city to the east and west to delay an enemy's approach.

Louis XVI

1784 The king orders the construction of the Farmers General Wall, built not as a fortification, but as a means of taxation.

Empire

1814-1815 Paris is occupied twice at the end of the reign of Napoleon I.

First fortification program

1818 Minister of War Laurent de Gouvion-Saint-Cyr creates a commission to "present its views on the best defense system" for Paris.
1820 The commission concludes that Paris must be placed in a state of defense, but proposes no specific project.
1830 Creation of a committee to study fortification which returns to the debate and again concludes that fortification is necessary, without consensus on how this is to be done.
1833 The defense plan for Paris envisages:
1836 Creation of a commission on the defense of the kingdom.
1838 On July 16 a plan of defense is adopted, combining the two options in a show of unanimity.
1840 The Treaty of London excludes France. Adolphe Thiers, considering that the new treaty includes the germ of a new invasion threat, seizes the occasion to commence the construction of the new fortifications. On September 1 General Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie is named director of the fortification program. The appointment and work is publicly announced on September 13.
1841 Over the reservations of the General Council of the Seine, 140 million francs are appropriated for the work, allocated, including
17,970 million francs for land acquisition, 16,608 million francs for earthwork, and 83,356 million francs for masonry. The law authorizing work was promulgated by Louis-Philippe I on April 3, authorizing a continuous wall for both sides of the Seine, known as the Thiers Wall, supported by sixteen detached forts.
1845 Work is completed.
1860. The limits of the city of Paris are extended from the Farmers General Wall to the Thiers Wall, in accordance with the reorganization of the Paris urban fabric planned and executed by Georges-Eugène Haussmann.

Franco-Prussian War

July 1870 France declares war on Prussia, July 13.
September 1870 Napoleon III is captured at Sedan and capitulates. A republic is proclaimed and the Prussians move toward Paris. The capital is transformed into a fortified camp. A portion of the Thiers Wall gates are closed, along with canals and rail line entries. Houses are demolished in the designated "zone 'non aedificandi" to clear lines of fire. The Prussians arrive on 19 September and establish a siege, which will last four months.
January 1871 On the 28th the Treaty of Versailles is signed, stipulating that all of the forts forming the perimeter defense of Paris, together with their armaments, be handed over to the German forces. The treaty further stipulates the disarmament of the Thiers Wall.
March 1871 The German army abandons the forts on the left bank of the Seine.
20 September 1871 The German army abandons the forts on the right bank of the Seine.

Second program of fortification

During the 1870 war, the fortifications were relatively ineffective.
1874 On 17 July, a law inspired by the ideas of Séré de Rivières creates new programs for defensive works in the north and east of France, including some intended for the defense of Paris.
1885. The program is completed. 196 forts, 58 smaller works and 278 batteries are in place on the borders and at strategic points within France at an estimated cost of 450 million francs for the works and 229 million francs for their armament.

The removal of the Thiers Wall

1883 On June 11 the municipal council of Paris votes to request the removal of the Thiers Wall, the property's transfer to the city and the end of restrictions on building in its vicinity.
1918 During the war the Thiers Wall proves to be ineffective in the defense of Paris, as the range of German artillery such as the Paris Gun renders walls irrelevant.
1919 On 19 April the city purchases the property for 100 million francs from the State of France. The city must purchase or expropriate the associated grounds and must maintain the "zone non aedificandi." Work begins on the demolition of the walls.
1925-1930 The "terretoire zonier" is annexed to the city.
1930 A law is enacted to regulate the methods for compensation of the "zoniers."

The forts

Military doctrine for the employment of the forts

The doctrines for the use of the forts depend on the context of the time. During the 19th century the roads are few. Armies were obligated to move along existing lines of communication in order to maintain their provisioning without resorting to dirt roads in unfavorable seasons. Therefore, a fortification located on an important road would be able to slow or stop a large troop formation. For example the Fort de Charenton was placed to dominate Route Nationale 6, the Paris-Geneva road, and Route Nationale 19, the road to Belfort, as well as the Pont de Charenton on the Marne and the Pont à l’Anglais on the Seine.
In wartime, the fort would fulfill several functions, in the manner of a fortified town.
The first ring of sixteen detached forts and complementary works, constituting the first line of defense a few kilometers from Paris, and supporting the Thiers Wall encircling Paris.

The sixteen forts

The sixteen forts built around Paris between 1840 and 1845 are shown in the following table.
The order described in the first column describes the forts in order as they appear as one proceeds clockwise around Paris. Forts are named for the communities they defended, not necessarily those in which they are located.
Order


Dir.


NameEmplacement


Distance
from the
Farmers General wall
Distance
from the
Louvre
Other works


1NFort couronne de la BricheSaint-Denis6900 m9600 m
2NFort de la Double-CouronneSaint-Denis6850 m9600 m
3N/EFort de l'EstSaint-Denis5000 m7900 m
4N/EFort d'AubervilliersAubervilliers3875 m7250 mWorks and battery
5EFort de RomainvilleLes Lilas3500 m6650 mLunette + Courtine
6EFort de NoisyRomainville4800 m8300 mLunette + Redoubt
7EFort de RosnyRosny-sous-Bois5750 m9800 mLunette
8S/EFort de NogentFontenay-sous-Bois5900 m10300 mLunette
9S/EFort Neuf de VincennesVincennes2800 m7800 m
10S/EFort de CharentonMaisons-Alfort4000 m8400 mRigole
11SFort d'IvryIvry-sur-Seine3900 m7300 m
12SFort de BicêtreLe Kremlin-Bicêtre2650 m6100 m
13SFort de MontrougeArcueil2900 m5800 m
14SFort de VanvesMalakoff3600 m6400 m
15SFort d'IssyIssy3900 m6850 m
16WFort Mont-ValérienSuresnes5250 m9100 m

Complementary works

Second ring of forts

This section includes those works completed between 1870 and 1890 as part of the Séré de Rivières fortifications, in the region of 20 kilometers from the capital.

Dir.
Name
Emplacement
Date
1NFort de Cormeilles-en-ParisisCormeilles-en-Parisis
2NFort de MontlignonMontlignon
3NFort de DomontDomont
4NFort de MontmorencyMontmorency
5NFort d'ÉcouenÉcouen
6NRedoute de la Butte-PinsonMontmagny1875–1877
7NFort de StainsGarges-les-Gonesse
8EFort de VaujoursCourtry
9EFort de ChellesChelles
10EFort de VilliersNoisy-le-Grand1878
11EFort de ChampignyChampigny-sur-Marne
12EFort de SucySucy-en-Brie
13EFort de VilleneuveVilleneuve-Saint-Georges1876
14S/WFort de PalaiseauPalaiseau
15S/WFort de ChâtillonChâtillon-sous-Bagneux
Fontenay-aux-Roses
16S/WFort de VillerasSaclay
17S/WBatterie de BouviersGuyancourt1879
18S/WBatterie du Ravin de BouviersVersailles
19S/WFort du Haut-BucBuc 1879
20S/WFort de Saint-CyrMontigny-le-Bretonneux1879
21S/WFort du Trou-d'EnferMarly-le-Roi1881
22S/WFort de Bois-d'ArcyBois d'Arcy