Free riding is a term used in stock-trading to describe the practice of buying and selling shares or other securities without actually having the capital to cover the trade. In a cash account, a free riding violation occurs when the investor sells a stock that was purchased with unsettled funds. The Federal Reserve Board's Regulation T requires brokers to "freeze" accounts that commit freeriding violations for 90 days. Accounts with this restriction can still trade but cannot purchase stocks with unsettled sale proceeds. Freeriding can be avoided by using a margin account.
In the United States, stocks may take two business days to settle. If you buy on Monday, you don't have to pay for the purchase until Wednesday. This is known as trade day plus 2 days or T+2. This two-day settlement period is considered an extension of credit from the broker to the customer. Because the transaction is considered a credit issue, the Federal Reserve Board is responsible for the rule which is officially called Federal Reserve Board Regulation T. If a brokerage customer is approved for margin on the account there will be a line of credit to "cushion" the two day settlement period, but there is a limit on it. This credit allows customers to trade while the cash settles. A client in good faith agrees to make full payment of settled funds or to deposit securities within the two day settlement period and not to sell the newly purchased stock before making such payment. For accounts without margin, stock traders must have or deposit enough cash in the account to pay for any purchases on the day they are due. If a trader sells shares, the cash may be credited to their account balance immediately but may not be settled for two days. Any stock bought with this unsettled cash must be held until the cash is settled, or funds are deposited, or margin is increased, to allow settling of the purchase before selling.
Free Riding Violation
The Securities and Exchange Commission states "In a cash account, you must pay for the purchase of a stock before you can sell it. If you buy and sell a stock before paying for it, you are free riding, which violates the credit extension provisions of the Federal Reserve Board. If you free ride, your broker must freeze your account for 90 days." If someone is trading rapidly and using all the cash available in the account to buy and sell, that person will likely get a "freeriding violation." Freeriding is subject to a mandatory 90-day cash-up-front restriction. Clients can still trade, but they lose the ability to make purchases with unsettled sale proceeds.
S.E.C. Enforcement Actions
Apart from credit rule violations inherent in free riding, the more significant and direct harm can come when the customer never pays or deposits to cover the trade, leaving the broker to hold the bag. The Securities and Exchange Commission has brought successful civil injunctive enforcement actions against free riders, with follow-on criminal prosecutions by the U.S. Attorney in New York, where significant prison sentences were imposed, for both credit and antifraud violations where it was clear that the customer never intended to cover the trade and was only using a succession of brokers to play the market, hoping for success, and causing serious losses to brokers. See SEC v. Schlomo Teitelbaum, SEC News Digest https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1981/dig061181.pdf and https://www.sec.gov/news/digest/1981/dig012381.pdf.
The main difference between a good faith violation and free riding is the eventual deposit of funds to cover the buy. In free riding the buyer sells the security without ever depositing the funds to pay for the initial purchase. The Federal Reserve considers a good faith violation an "abuse of credit" and requires the broker keep track of them. If the trader gets three violations in one year, the broker is required to restrict the account. This is compared to the free riding violation which results in an automatic restriction.
Liquidation and Free Riding
A liquidation violation occurs when the client sells a security to satisfy a cash obligation for the purchase of a different security after trade date. This is a violation because the sale of the second security will not be settled by the time the first purchase settles. A liquidation violation carries the same penalties as a good faith violation.
Economics
In microeconomics, an agent is said to be free riding when it does not pay for its share of the cost of producing a public good. This may be a problem. See the free rider problem for further discussion.
