GAPO syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder that causes severe growth retardation, and has been observed fewer than 30 times before 2011. GAPO is an acronym that encompasses the predominant traits of the disorder: growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, and worsening optic atrophy in some subjects. Other common symptoms include premature aging, large, prominent foreheads, and delayed bone aging. GAPO syndrome typically results in premature death around age 30-40, due to interstitial fibrosis and atherosclerosis.
Signs and symptoms
One of the principle symptoms of GAPO syndrome is growth retardation, caused by slow skeletal formation and results in individuals being below average height. Alopecia, or hair loss, is another key indication of GAPO syndrome. Their hair is typically thinly dispersed, and fragile, which often leads to baldness later in life. Similarly, tooth growth is stunted, with teeth failing to emerge form the gums or otherwise develop normally. Atrophy of the optic nerve occurs in approximately one third of individuals. This degradation leads to inhibited peripheral vision, and increased difficulty distinguishing colours. While not a defining feature, most sufferers of GAPO syndrome have coarse facial features, and abnormal structure of the middle portion of their faces, typically coupled with a large forehead. Individuals with the disease tend to have depressed nose bridges, protruding ears, and abnormally thick lips, though these symptoms are not unique to this disorder. No direct correlation has been found between GAPO syndrome and mental retardation, though cases of individuals having both have been reported. Due to the severity of the phenotype, GAPO syndrome can be diagnosed very early on. Most cases can be diagnosed by 6 months of age, and most symptoms will be apparent by age 2.
Genetics
GAPO syndrome is caused by a deletion in both copies of the ANTXR1 gene, which encodes Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1. This gene is critical for the creation of actin, and its disruption inhibits proper function of the actin network. As a result, individuals with GAPO syndrome have a buildup of extracellular matrix, and degraded cell adhesions. The alteration can occur in the form of nonsense mutations or mutations which alter the splice sites, and result in alternative RNA splicing, leading to synthesis of a different or modified protein. In humans, the ANTXR1 gene is located on Chromosome 2 and has 22 exons. GAPO syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, and requires both parents to pass on the mutant genotype. Since this mutation is so rare, most confirmed cases have a history of ancestral inbreeding.
Diagnosis
APO syndrome is a very raregenetic disorder characterized by growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia and progressive optic atrophy. To date, only 30 cases have been described worldwide. Recently, gene alterations in the ANTXR1 gene have been reported to be causative of this disorder, and an autosomal recessive pattern has been observed. This gene encodes a matrix-interacting protein that works as an adhesion molecule. In this report, we describe 2 homozygous siblings diagnosed with GAPO syndrome carrying a new missense mutation. This mutation produces the substitution of a glutamine in position 137 for a leucine.
Management
There is currently no cure for GAPO syndrome, but some options are available to reduce the symptoms. Nearsightedness, which affects some sufferers of the disease, can be treated by corrective lenses. Unfortunately, optic atrophy as a result of degradation of the optic nerve cannot be corrected. Corticosteroids have been proposed as a treatment for optic nerve atrophy, but their effectiveness is disputed, and no steroid based treatments are currently available. Beyoglu Eye J. Ahead of Print: BEJ-83007 | DOI: 10.14744/bej.2019.83007 Hypotony maculopathy after trabeculectomy in a patient with GAPO syndrome http://beyoglueye.com/jvi.aspx?pdir=beyoglu&plng=eng&un=BEJ-83007 Selim Genç1, Emre Güler2, Hanefi Cakir2, Osman Şalkacı3, Fehim Esen4 1Prof. Dr. N. Reşat Belger Beyoğlu Eye Training And Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey 2Türkiye Hospital, Eye Clinic, İstanbul, Turkey 3Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Eye Training And Research Hospital, Department Of Ophthalmology, İstanbul, Turkey 4Medeniyet University Medical School, Department Of Ophthalmology İstanbul, Turkey Purpose: To report a case of hypotony maculopathy in a patient with GAPO syndrome following trabeculectomy with mitomycin C. Methods: A 42-year-old man with diagnosis of GAPO syndrome underwent trabeculectomy with application of MMC 0.4 mg/ml for 1 minute. Results: Intraocular pressure was measured between 6 and 8 mmHg during the first month of the surgery. On fundus examination macular choroidal folds, retinal vascular tortuosity and optic nerve swollen was observed. At postoperative 1 month, additional suturing of the bleb was performed however the hypotony continued to occur. Conclusion: Postoperative hypotony should be taken into account in patients with GAPO syndrome due to defective fibrosis process following trabeculectomy. Keywords: GAPO syndrome, trabeculectomy, mitomycin C, hypotony maculopathy
History
The first incidence of GAPO syndrome was reported by Anderson and Pindborg in 1947. Another case wasn't recorded until 1978 by Fuks et al.
