Glaucium flavum Glaucium flavum is a summer flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae . It is native to Northern Africa, Macaronesia , temperate zones in Western Asia and the Caucasus, as well as Europe. The plant grows on the seashore and is never found inland. All parts of the plant, including the seeds, are toxic . It is classed as a noxious weed in some areas of North America, where it is an introduced species . It is grown in gardens as a short-lived perennial but usually grown as a biennial .Description It has thick, leathery deeply segmented, wavy, bluish-grey leaves, which are coated in a layer of water-retaining wax. The sepal, petals and stamen have a similar structure and form to the red poppy, except the sepals are not hairy. It grows up to tall, on branched, grey stems. It blooms in summer, between June and October. It has bright yellow or orange flowers, that are across. Later it produces a very long, upright, thin, distinctive horn shaped capsule, which is long. It is divided into two chambers, which split open to reveal the seeds.Taxonomy It was first published and described by Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz in 'Stirp. Austr. Fasc.' vol.2 on page 131 in 1763. The species epithet flavum is Latin for yellow and indicates its flower colour. It is commonly known as sea-poppy , horned-poppy , and yellow horned-poppy .G. flavum was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 25 May 1995, then updated on 9 May 2011, and is an accepted name by the Royal Horticultural Society .Distribution and habitat It is native to temperate regions of North Africa , Europe and parts of Western Asia.Range It is found in North Africa, within Macaronesia, Canary Islands , Algeria , Libya , Tunisia and Morocco . Within Western Asia it is found in the Caucasus, Georgia , Cyprus , Egypt , Lebanon , Syria and Turkey . In eastern Europe , it is found within Ukraine . In middle Europe, it is in Belgium , Germany , Netherlands and Slovakia . In northern Europe, in Denmark , Ireland , Norway , Sweden and United Kingdom . In southeastern Europe, within Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Greece , Italy , Montenegro , North Macedonia , Romania and Slovenia . Also in southwestern Europe, it is found in France , Portugal and Spain .Habitat It grows on shingle banks and beaches, but can also be found on cliff tops and in sand dunes .Toxicity It produces an orange foul smelling sap, if cut open. All parts of the plant, including the seeds, are toxic, and can cause a wide range of symptoms including brain damage , and respiratory failure , resulting in death.Culture It is referenced in various poems. A poppy grows upon the shore, Bursts her twin cups in summer late: Her leaves are glaucus-green and hoar, Her petals yellow, delicate. She has no lovers like the red, That dances with the noble corn: Her blossoms on the waves are shed, Where she stands shivering and forlorn. Sea Poppies: Amber husk fluted with gold, fruit on the sand marked with a rich grain, treasure spilled near the shrub-pines to bleach on the boulders: your stalk has caught root among wet pebbles and drift flung by the sea and grated shells and split conch-shells. Beautiful, widespread, fire upon leaf, what meadow yields so fragrant a leaf as your bright leaf? H.D.Uses is the main alkaloid component in Glaucium flavum . Glaucine has bronchodilator and antiinflammatory effects, acting as a PDE4 inhibitor and calcium channel blocker , and is used medically as an antitussive in some countries. Glaucine may produce side effects such as sedation , fatigue , and a hallucinogenic effect characterised by colourful visual images, and as a recreational drug . For a detailed bibliography on glaucine and Glaucium flavum see: National Agricultural Library . In the past , it was known in Hampshire , UK as 'squatmore', and the roots were used to treat bruises . Also pains in the breast, stomach and intestines .Other source Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, Boulos, L. Flora of Egypt checklist. 1995 Cooper, M. R. & A. W. Johnson Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal and human poisoning. 1998 Davis, P. H., ed. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. 1965–1988 Farnsworth, N. R. & D. D. Soejarto Global importance of medicinal plants Gleason, H. A. & A. Cronquist Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, ed. 2. 1991 Greuter, W. et al., eds. Med-Checklist. 1984- Grey-Wilson, C. Poppies: The poppy family in the wild and in cultivation. 1993 41. Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Hansen, A. & P. Sunding Flora of Macaronesia: checklist of vascular plants, ed. 4. Sommerfeltia vol. 17. 1993 Holm, L. et al. A geographical atlas of world weeds. 1979 Izquierdo Z., I. et al., eds. Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias: hongos, plantas y animales terrestres. 2004 Janick, J. & J. Simon, eds. Advances in new crops. 1990 Kartesz, J. T. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States , Canada, and Greenland. 1994 Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. Flora SSSR. 1934–1964 Lazarides, M. & B. Hince CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia . 1993 Mabberley, D. J. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants, ed. 2. 1997 Mouterde, P. Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. 1966- Personal Care Products Council International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. Flora europaea , second edition. 1993 Wiersema, J. H. & B. León World economic plants: a standard reference . Zohary, M. & N. Feinbrun-Dothan Flora palaestina. 1966-
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