Gudang language
Gudang or Djagaraga is an Australian Aboriginal language. It is the traditional language of the Gudang people, and is the northernmost language of the Cape York Peninsula. It is closely related to Urradhi, its neighbour to the south, and distantly related to its neighbour to the north, the Western-Central Torres Strait Language, from which it borrowed quite a few vocabulary items.
Phonology
Going by the records of the language recorded in MacGillivray and Brierly, as well as comparing these with their Urradhi and WCL counterparts, the phonology of the language appeared to have been as follows:vowels : i, ii; e, ee; a, aa; u, uu
i,ii and u,uu had mid variants, thus and. Some Western-Central Torres Strait Language loans probably retained the WCL vowels unchanged. e/ee otherwise appear to have had a similar marginal status as in Urradhi.
consonants :
labial p, b, m
velar k, g, ng
labio-velar kw, w
lamino-dental th, dh, l, nh
lamino-palatal ch, j, ny, y
alveolar t, d, n
retroflex rt, rr, r
The non-sonorant sounds appear to have had voice contrasts, except after nasals, when both voiced and voiceless allophones occurred, with the voiced allophones seemingly more common. While the lamino-dental and alveolar contrast was not marked by the European recorders, the Urradhi and WCL cognates strongly suggest that it existed.
Differences between Gudang and Urradhi
The main differences in phonology between Gudang and the Urradhi dialects appears to be:correspond to Gudang b, dh and g. Note that in ipadha father, Gudang p corresponds to Urradhi , both representing Proto-Paman *piipa, proto Gudang-Urradhi *piipata.
Gudang had reflexive rt from Proto Paman *r and *rr
A slightly higher rate of initial dropping was evident in Gudang.
Gudang retained final CV syllables where Urradhi has reduced these to C.
Gudang had word final -rra where Urradhi has -l, and stronger retention of rr and l in the clusters rrk and lk.
Gudang had virtually no trace of the utterance final suppletion very evident in Urradhi, the one exception being anhadhing. However, initial and final vowel elision appeared to have been the norm.
There was a strong tendency in Gudang for u to become i before following palatals .
The statistics of the comparisons are listed below.
| Cognates | Possible Cognates | Non-Cognate | WCL Loans | Possible WCL Loans | Total | |
| Gudang | 76 | 11 | 157 | 41 | 4 | 200 |
| Yadhaykenu | 76 | 10 | 93 | 11 | 2 | 182 |
| Atampaya | 58 | 11 | 116 | 7 | 2 | 191 |
| Angkamuthi | 53 | 11 | 157 | 9 | 2 | 178 |
| Cognates | Possible Cognates | Non-Cognate | WCL Loans | Possible WCL Loans | |
| Gudang | 38% | 5.5% | 78.5% | 20.5% | 2.1% |
| Yadhaykenu | 42.5% | 5.9% | 51% | 3.8% | 1% |
| Atampaya | 31.4% | 5.9% | 61% | 3.7% | 1% |
| Angkamuthi | 33.8% | 7% | 88% | 5% | 1% |
These figures show that Gudang was a separate language from the Urradhi group.
Gudang and the Western-Central Language of Torres Strait (Kalau Lagau Ya)
Gudang shares about 20% of its words with Kalau Lagau Ya due to loaning between the languages. It is obvious from MacGillivray, Brierly and Ray that there was extensive intermarriage and contacts between the Gudang and the Islanders, particularly but not exclusively with the people of the Muralag group. The data Brierly and others collected from Barbara Thompson and local people show that where marriage, clan membership and other cultural aspects were concerned, that the Gudang fitted as much into the Islanders' world as in the neighbouring Urradhi world. Also, it appeared that the Gudang were on the whole bilingual in WCL, and this perhaps reflects the fact that so many WCL words were recorded as being Gudang by MacGillivray. We will probably never know how many such recorded words were mistakes on his part, by him or his informants misunderstanding which language was being asked for.Vocabulary comparison list
The following words are drawn from MacGillivray 1850. The spelling has been silently regularised, except in those cases where MacGillivray's written forms were too uncertain. In such cases, the form in his spelling is in italics.Cognates are bold, possible cognates italic, and loans/possible loans from WCL marked by *.
A very intriguing aspect of most of the verb forms noted by MacGillivray is that they are either reduplicated forms, or are marked by -kamarra/-gamarra, which does not appear to have an Urradhi cognate.
G = Gudang, Y = Yadhaykenu, At = Atampaya, A = Angkamuthi, WCL = Western-Central Torres Strait Language, MM = Meriam Mìr; WCL dialects: KKY = Kalau Kawau Ya, KLY = Kalaw Lagaw Ya, KY = Kaiwalgau Ya, KulY = Kulkalgau Ya, OKY = Old Kaiwalgau Ya.
G abiyangkangarra touch, Y aypa, At aypa, A aypa hold, touch, WCL nœidha- hold, touch
G achaari, Y achawi, At achawi, A achawi, WCL — mushroom
G achiinya, Y —, At ungkeeni, A achin, wuyunpa, WCL kakùr egg
G achunya, Y ukumanhthan, At ukumanhthan, A ukumanhthan, rupungunma, WCL bathainga tomorrow
G adhara, Y ayara, At ayara, A ayara, WCL kuki north-west wind/monsoon
G *aga, Y *agha, At atampanh, arru, A yanhi, WCL aga axe
G agaayi, Y munya, At munya, ulkin, A —, WCL dhe, mòòs saliva
G agura stringy bark, Y winhthi, At winhthi, A winhthi, uran paper-bark, WCL ubu tea-tree
G akaanya, Y adhal, At adhal, A adhaa, well, hole, WCL máy well, arkath hole, mœram dug well/hole, grave
G akelgarra, Y uyuru, At uyuru, A —, 'rub, grind', WCL almathama- grind, kurthuma- rub
G akumi, Y akumi, At akumi, A akumi dilly bag, WCL yana bag
G akuumpa, Y angkutumala, At itadhi, A anyanaghatha rush, WCL bayil
G alba, Y alva, At alva, A alva, WCL gùb wind
G alka, Y arka, At akwa, A arka, WCL kœlak spear
G alka, Y ulumu, At ulumu, anyaarra, A ulumu, WCL yabu path
G ama, Y ama, At ama, A ama, WCL mabaig man, person
G amamangi get up, Y ama, At ama, G ama wake up, get up, fly, WCL danpalai- wake up, wœri- fly
G ampa, Y ani, cf Y ampimana clearing, At nani, A ani ground, soil, WCL bœradhar ground, soil, land, aap garden
G ampaanya throw into, Y ya, At watanga, A —, WCL thaya- throw
G ampu, Y ampu, At ngampu, A ampu, WCL dhang tooth
G anpa, Y anpangu, At anpangu, A anpangu, WCL alai husband
G anpaamu, Y ampaamu, At ampaamu, A ampaamu, WCL garkaz male
G anpunya, Y anpuny, At —, A —, WCL biuni kookaburra
G anpunya, Y iyamu, At uyamu, A iyamu, WCL kawa island
G antaara, Y yalan, punhu, At lalan, A yalan, WCL nœi tongue
G anti sore, Y iyirri, At iyirri, A iyirri 'sore, blister', WCL baadh sore, upu blister
G antiira, Y anchin, At wanycha, mutunmanhu, A anchin, WCL waam honey
G antuuba,tuuba, Y antu , At antu , A antu , WCL KKY/KY ngii, KLY/KulY nii you SG
G anhthu, Y anhthu, At atagha, A ?, WCL parma red ochre
G antuuntunya, Y arru, At arru, A arru, WCL mathama-, wœrima-, palngi- hit,strike
G antyentyarra, Y watu, At watu, A watu, WCL thapa-, waya- row, paddle
G angka, Y angka, At nhangka, A angka, WCK gud mouth
G laugh. sharp, Y angkaarri, At angkaarri, A angkaarri, WCL giw laugh, gizul- sharp
G angkanya, Y antu, At ghantu, A antu, WCL guul, thœthak canoe
G angkenka drink, Y ungye, At ungye, Aungya drink,eat, WCL puratha-- eat, wani- drink
G angkibaanya, Y upudhingu, At upudhingu, A ?, WCL kuruwai rainbow
G angkuura, Y mupa, alguumala, udhayki, At mupa, akimpata, A mupa, WCL kaazi child
G anha, Y anha, At anha, A anha, WCL ngœna breath
G anhadhing, Y anhaayma, At anhiima, A anhaayma alive
G anycighalkamarra dance, Y anychirri, At anychirri, A anychirri corroboree song, WCL girel, sagul dance, na song
G apaanycha, Y adhal, At adhal, A adhaa, WCL arkath hole
G apiiga, Y amputhumuny, At apiigha, A amputhumuny, WCL kùpa Eugenia fruit
G apura, Y ipi, At ipi, A ipi, WCL aari rain
G apuriiga, Y unychil, At alarrkudhi, A unychii, WCL kuwath brolga
G aruunyci, Y arunychi, At —, A —, WCL putit yellow fruit
G artaba, Y atava, yati, At atava, yati, A atava, yati, WCL kœsa river, creek
G atedarra eat, Y ungye, At ungye, A ungya drink,eat, WCL purtha- eat, wani- drink
G atira, Y apudha, At apudha, A apudha, ikyalitha, WCL riidh bone
G atiinya mother, Y ungunyu mother, At ungunyu mother, A ungunyu mother, breast, milk, WCL aapu mother, susu breast, ikai milk
G atiirambaanya, Y umpwa, At ighanhang, A ighanhanga, WCL papalama-, patida-, etc. break
G arta, Y mata, At mata, A mata, WCL geth hand
G awuura, Y adhiny, At -, A adhiny, WCL wereg asi-/yœraagi asi- hungry
G aygi, Y yiighin, At riighin, A yiighin, WCL buthu, surum sand, beach
G ayiiri, Y uta, At uta, A uta, WCL bangal, thœuma bye and bye
G aykaana, Y akyaana, At akyan, akyaana, A akyan, WCL mœlpal, kisay moon
G aykunya, Y ichuny, athatha, warrki, At atava, warrki, A ichuny, warrki, WCL baba quill
G aykuwa, Y *yutha, At awuchi, akyun camp, A *yutha, awuchi hut, WCL yœuth long house, hall, church, mùdh shelter, calm place, house, hut, camp, laag place, house, home
G -, Y *yutha, At akicha house, church, A akicha house, church, WCL yœuth long house, hall, church
G aypiira, Y ana, At ana, anma, A ana go, come, WCL uzara-, laadhu-, wœlmai-, tadi- go
G aypunya, Y uyany, At uyany, A uyany green ant, WCL muzu stinging ant, green ant
G yuba, Y ayu , At ayu , A ayu , WCL ngai I
G aaku, Y aku, At aku, A aku tick, louse, WCL tikath tick, aari louse
G aaku we, Y/At/A ali we DU INC, ana we PL INC, ampu we EXC
G *baaga cheek, Y ula cheek, At wula cheek, jaw, A ula cheek, WCL mœsa cheek
G biilkagarr, Y —, At wanhtha, A —, WCL pagama- sew
G *bubaatha grandfather, Y athi mother's father, wuula father’s father, At athi mother's father, wuula father’s father, A athi mother's father, wuula father’s father, WCL bœbath grandparent, athe, KKY pópu grandad
G *burruburru, Y —, At anychul, A anychuu, WCL kùnar ash, cf. WCL buru dust, chips, crumbs
G *burwa, *kwacherra, Y muyul, At muyul, A muyuu pandanus, WCL kausar inland pandanus, bœruwa young kausar
G *canha, Y *inpal, At *inpal, A *inpaa, WCL pel fish tail, cf. saan dugong tail
G *carima, Y mata, At mata, utama, A mata, WCL sayima outrigger
G *caaka lungs, Y yampa lungs, leaf, At yampa lungs, leaf, yamparra lungs, A yampa lungs, leaf, inparra lungs, WCL mòòs lung, niis leaf
recorded WCL suka as lungs.
G *caamudaanha, Y —, At —, A angwaa-anyan, WCL dœnasam eyelash
G *carra tern, Y *charra, ukaapati, At *iyarra, angkangka, A — seagull, WCL sara tern
G *cicalurru, Y atal, muri, At atal, A ataa, muri rope, WCL wœru/uru rope, sisaluru type of rope, cf. musi strand
G cuuka, cooka, Y/At/A *chughuva, WCL sœguba tobacco
G*daanha, Y anngal, At ipanh, A angwaa, WCL purka, daan eye
G dhaama, Y inychantu, makyaana, At ilvan, A ilvan, WCL kœigœrsar many ; Cf Y udhima, At udhyama, A udhima, WCL ukasar two
G *dhumook, Y arramu, At aghumpa, A arramu, WCL dhumowak, dhœmuwak cloth, clothes
G echaara, Y anhthuny, At wipa, A anhthuny, WCL ini penis
G eguunti, Y —, At ayama, A ayama, WCL maadhu flesh
G ero:ra, Y-, At ithagha, A- flower, WCL kœusa fruit, flower
G etrara leaf, Y yampa leaf, flower, At yampa leaf, flower, A yampa leaf, flower, ithagha flower, WCL niis leaf
G ganhdha, Y —, At alghadha, A —, WCL kœrakar fern
G *giiri, Y *ghiri, At *kiri, thawura, A *kiri, thawura, WCL *gii knife
G ichunya, Y lukuny, At uchuny, A lukuny, WCL kulka blood
G ikalkamarra, Y ikya, At ikya, A ikya, WCL mulai-/uuma- speak
G ikanpa cold or shiver, Y uchankama, At uvanhu, ukyanhthuny, A achanpa cold, WCL gabu cold, sumay shivering
G ikaara spear thrower, Y uchanpi, At uchanpi, A uchanpi spear thrower, club, WCL kùbai spear thrower, thuthu club
G ikuurra, Y urul, At ukyul, A unungkuu, WCL thuu smoke
G ikwuurra, Y akuny, At akuny, A akuny, WCL gœngaw skin
G ilaabayu, Y udhima, At makyaana, A udhyama, udhima, WCL ukasar two; cf. Y inychantu, At ilvan, A ilvan, WCL kœigœrsar many
G imantiinya warm, Y —, At umadhi, A — hot, WCL komal warm, hot
G imiiri, Y anngal-athan, At ipanh-athan, A angwaa-athan eyebrow, WCL bœyib eyebrow, bœybasam eyebrow-hair
G impiibinu come, approach, Y ana, At ana, anma, A ana, WCL uzarai-, ulai-/wœlmai- go, come'
G impuuwa small, a bit, Y udhayki, At alvamu, A akimpata small, WCL mœgi, kœthuka small, little
G intuunya large, Y aghatipu, At —, A aghatipu heavy, large, WCL kœi big, large, mapu heavy, kœigœrai large
G intuunya large, Y avukuny, At amanyma, A avukuny large, big, WCL kœi big, large, kœigœrai large
G inga, Y wunga, At wunga, A wunga sun, WCL gœiga sun, day
G ingkudiinya, Y utagha, At utagha, A utagha, WCL ùmai dog
G inyaaba, Y ula, At ula, A ula they, WCL palai they DUAL, thana they PLURAL
G inyaanha another, Y unya, At unyinha, wanhu, A unyinha other, different, WCL war, wara other, wardh, warakidh different
G ipadha, Y ivadha, At ivuny, A ivadha, WCL thathi father
G ipama kangaroo, Y ipamu, At ikamu, A - black kangaroo, WCL wœsar kangaroo, wallaby
G iipi, Y ipi, At ipi, A ipi, WCL ngùki fresh water
G ipiyamana, Y ipima, At nhipima, A ipima, WCL ùrapùn one
G ipunya, Y yapi, At yapi, A yapi, WCL pœuth forehead
G iriimadin sleep, Y una, At una, A una sleep, lie down, WCL uthui sleep , uthui yui- lie down asleep
G irruurrunya, Y —, AT —, A uluyva, WCL lama- copulate
G ithiina thigh, Y ithiina thigh, At ithiina thigh, A ithin thigh, tree root, WCL madhu meat; thigh, sipi root
G ituura, ituulma, Y yuthu, At ruthu, A yuthu, WCL uma dead
G iwunya, Y iwuny, At ikuchi, A —, WCL kaura, kùrùsai- ear
G iya, Y amu, At nya, A inya, WCl waa yes
G *iibu, Y anya, At anya, A anya, WCL iibu chin
G iilpi, Y avidha, At lakun, A avidha, WCL akur guts
G iinta upper arm, Y winta, At winta, A winta arm, WCL zugu upper arm, kawai arm
G iingka, Y ina, At ina, A ina sit , WCL thanurai- sit , ni-/niya-/niina- sit, live, stay
G iipa heart, Y yipa, At lipa, A yipa liver, WCl siib liver; seat of feelings; cf. Y antuun, At antudhi, A antuun heart, WCl ngœnakap heart
G iingku, Y wungku, At wungku, A wungku, WCL kulu knee, kuku leg joint
G iiyi, Y iyi, At umughanhu, A iyi nose, beak, WCL piti nose, buna beak
G *karaaba, Y wacharra, At angampa, A wacharra, WCL kab paddle
G *katamarra, Y *katamarra, At makyaarra, A *katamarra, WCL katham banana
G *kartakarta green frog, Y *akarrakarra, aypara, At aypara, A aypara frog, WCL kat frog, underjaw part of jaw; neck , Bœigu sub-dialect kœteko, kœteku frog
G *kayadha grandmother, Y ami, At ami, A ami mother's mother; Y api, At api, A api father's mother; WCL kayadh grandmother
G *koona or *kuuna, Y wuntuny, At —, wurnrtuny, uyamuthu, WCL kùn stern
G kuje blister, Y ukukanhthi blister, iyirri sore, blister, At iyirri sore, blister, A iyirri sore, blister, WCL baadh sore, wound, uupu blister
G *kupara, Y ugharra, At ugharra, A ugharra, navel WCL kùpai, kùpa, OKY kùpar birth cord, maithakùpai, ; cf. kùp bottom, base
G kute, Y uyava, At atamudhi, athamudhi, A angkatha, WCl — native cat
G langkunya crayfish, Y alangkuny, At dhalangkuny, A alangkuny crayfish, prawn, WCL kayar crayfish, kagui fresh water lobster, shrimp, prawn, KLY dhuuma shrimp, prawn
G *mabarr, Y —, At *mavarra, A — k.o. shell, WCL mabar small mangrove conch with spikes
G *maakacha, Y *wacharra, At *acharra, *acharraki, A *wacharra mouse, WCL makas mouse, rat; wœsar kangaroo, wallaby
G manu, Y manu, At manu, A manu, WCL kœkak, mabar throat
G *marraapi, Y *marrapi, At *marrapi, A *marrapi, WCL mœrap, mœraapi bamboo
G *merta, Y —, At intinti, A — fin, WCL met dugong flipper
G *mudha, Y ilghul, At ukwal, A ilghuu shade, WCL mùdh shelter, hut, back-yard, haven, place/spot protected from the wind, iradh shade, shadow, ii dark shadow nder lee of island
G murku gorged, Y wampan, At wampan, A wampan full, swollen, WCl gùdapœlam full , white ant, termite
G muunha, Y akun, At inhen, A akun, WCL madh vagina, cf MM moni vagina
G naarama, Y —, At anpanychama, A —, WCL kùlkùb long ago
G netaarri, Y —, At lipa, mupadhi, mupaayma, A — pregnant, WCL maithal have a belly; pregnant, mapu heavy; pregnant
G niichalka, Y urrkul, At wughanhu, anichaka, A urrkuu emu, WCL saamu cassowary, emu
G nuuba, Y alu, At alu, A alu that, there, WCL se-/si- that, there
G *ngaaga, Y —, At wintuypuyumu, A —, WCL bœtha wing, ngaga bird/stingray wing
G *pada, Y yantal, At rantal, A yantaa, WCL paad hill, tip, top, height
G *paada, Y apun, At wapun, A apun, WCL kuik head, paad hill, tip, top, height
G *puri, Y yuku, At yuku, A yuku tree, WCL puy, OKY puuri tree, plant, post, pole, log; also WCL yuu spit, skewer; see further yuuku
G ralkagamarra, Y yarka, At raka, A yarka, yaka jump, WCL katpalga-/-pœlagi- jump, skip, hop , palga-/pœlagi- take off, fly away, jump, skip, hop
G ranga, Y akuny, At akuny, A akuny bark, WCL piya bark, skin, peel
G ringa, Y wili, At wili, A wili run, sail quickly, WCL pungai- sail, drive, zilmai-/zœlmai-/zilami- run, sail, aga-/agai- sail, drive, thardha- sail, drive, ride, wamayai-/wamaya-/wamayi- run away, sail away, guithwaya- leave, run away, sail away, depart, wanga- drive away, sail away
G rungkangkamarra, Y yungka, At rungka, A yungka cry, howl, WCL pœiba- make a noise, howl, cry
G ruulma, Y ipinyi, At ipinyi, A — swim, Y unma, At unma, A unma swim across, WCL pawœrpaga-, wœrpa paga-, wœrpaga-, pawœrulai-, wœrpu pudhai, wœrngupaga- swim, thapai-, waya-/wayai- swim along
G ruundara, Y awunpudha, At aghanapudha, A awunpudha, WCL daa, kaabu chest
G tamparra, Y atampatha, At atamparra, A aghumu, WCL maa spider
G tawiinya, Y atawuny, At uniina, A —, WCL paikaw, KLY pœtha, pœithaw butterfly
G *tetarr nail, Y *yathal nail, spider shell, At imunhthal nail, *yathaa nail, spider shell, WCL awar nail, talon, claw, tete animal/bird leg, cf. MM teter lower leg, upper foot, WCL yathai, yatha, yathar spider shell.
G tiida, Y tinta, At tinta, A tinta gun, WCL gagay bow, gun
G *thawarr, Y ukuru, At —, A —, WCL kagar seaweed, thawal coast, shore, shoreline, mistaking seaweed for coast, shore, shoreline.
G *theraapi, Y matapudha, At matapudha, A matapudha wrist, forearm, WCL thœyap wrist, OKY thœrapu, pudha appears in other compounds in Urradhi – perhaps meaning body part .
G *thuugu, Y winta, At winta, A winta, WCL thuugu outrigger pole
G ukwarra, Y ukal, At nhukal, A ukaa foot, toe, WCL saan foot, dhimur finger, toe, siyar upper front part of foot; toes, -kùk ankle, foot, finger, toe, thumb
G ukwaagamarra, Y anpanyi, At anpanyi, A anpanyi climb, WCL walai- climb, ascend, come/go up on a surface
G ulkiini, Y —, At ukirri, A —, WCL kùbak cough
G uma, Y iwan, At iwan, A iwan mosquito, WCL iwi mosquito, kuwath large, grey mosquito; Y uma, At uma, A uma, WCL mui fire
G umpiidha, Y umpidha, At umpidha, A umpidha, WCL iit rock oyster, maay sea oyster
G umpuipu white ghost/man, Y umany, At umany, A umany white ghost/man, At wangachaghany white man, A wangukwal white man, ghost, WCL markai white ghost , European.
G umu, Y ukaluthu, At nhukalwuthu, A ukaauthu, WCL pokuk heel
G unta wife, untamu female, Y untaamu, At untaamu, A untaamu wife, woman, WCL ipi wife, yipkaz woman, girl, female
G unhthaanhtharra, Y —, At unhthe, A— shout at, call, WCL thara- shout, shout at, call, wal shout, call .
G upiinya hip; anus, Y wilu, At wilu, A wilu hip, WCL pasikap hip
G upiirra rotten, smelly, upiirri medecine, Y upirri, At upirri, A upirri sore, painful; witchcraft, WCL wœsai rot, stink, stench, rotten, smelly, puuy, OKY puuri magic charm/gear/medecine
G uruwa, Y apunwuvu, At wapunwuvu, A apunwuvu, WCL thigi brain
G utedangkarra cut, Y ute, At ute, A *ipaata cut, chop, WCL patha- cut, chop
G utiira, Y achal, At achal, A achaa, WCL ziya cloud
G uthiirra, Y u, At u, A u, WCL pœiba-, yœuda-/yœudha-, ma-, puypa-, sibawana- , KLY wiya- give; cf Y uthi, At uthi, A uthi give imperative
G urtunya leg, ankle , Y mutuny, At mutuny, A murtuny, WCL thœra shin, ngaar leg, danakuk ankle
G uyimpa, Y ampu, At angkuula, umughanhu, A ampu, WCL buwai bow
G uuje, Y upangupa, At ampinhampi, A ampinhampi, WCL yal hair; soft , yalkap uncombed hair , yalbùp hair , magadh body hair
G uulpa, Y aypany, At aypanh, A aypany, WCL kùla stone
G uumpa, Y unhthuymumata, At *ripan, A unhthuymumata, WCL pœnipan lightning
G uumpu, Y umpu, At wumpu, A umpu, WCL mimi urine
G uunpi, Y unpi, At unpi, A unpi, WCL thithuy star
G uuna, Y ungi, At wuna, A ungi, WCL kùma dung
G uuntu upper back, Y wuntuny, At udhumpuny back, A wurnrtuny backbone, stern, WCL lœpu upper back, thaburidh backbone , kùn stern ; see further wuuntu
G uunhtha, Y munhtha, At munhtha, A munhtha, WCL kùbi charcoal
G uupu tail, Y wupul, At wupul, A wupuu buttocks, tail, WCL kùp bottom, base, dokap rump, buttock, kœub tail
G uurru, Y yupu, At lupu, A lupu boil, WCL tharthar boiling, tharthara-, tharthar thara- boil, zuiwœidha- boil
G *wagel, Y *unhthuymu, At *unhthumu, A *unhthuymu, WCL *dhuyum, gigi thunder; WCL wagel after, behind. The relationship between Urradhi unthuymu and WCL dhuyum is unclear – if there is any. A loan in either direction is possible, though the initial syllable in Urradhi might suggest that the word is a loan from WCL into Urradhi. Compare the Yadhaikenu form angkapa hat, from English cap.
G *waapadha, Y *wapadha, At *wapara, A *wapadha, WCL wapadha cotton tree
G *walaapa, Y angkapa, At *walapan, A *walapan, WCL walap, gauga 'hat'
G wampa, Y uypuny, At uypuny, A uypuny fly N, WCL bùli house fly, paadig horse/marsh-fly, tœd/tœda bluebottle, uripa fly sp.
G *wanawa, Y yakurru, At *wanawa, A — turtle shell, WCL kùnar turtle shell , aagu top turtle shell, aath bottom turtle shell, wœnawa shell turtle
G *warraaba, Y ungkuupun, At *warrava, A wuchungapun, WCL wœrab, wurab, urab coconut
G *warrupa, Y *arupa, At *arupa, A *arupa drum, WCL warup hour-glass-shaped drum
G watay, Y —, At watay, A watii, WCL dhangal dugong
G *waapi, Y —, At —, A inhanyii, WCL waapi fish
G *waarru, Y *iwurru, At yila k.o. turtle, A *waru, WCL waaru turtle, green turtle
G *wurruy, Y inha, At minha, A inha creature, WCL urui creature, bird
G wuuntu, Y aghal, ungkyal, At aghal, A aghaa, WCL thabai shoulder; see further uuntu
G *yetha, Y angkaiidha, At nhangkaiidha, A angkaiidha, WCL yatha, yetha beard
G yulpalga, Y yupul, At manma, A — night, darkness, WCL kubil night, iinur dark
G yurtu, Y yutu, At yutu, A yurtu, WCL kudu elbow
G yuuku wood, Y yuku, At yuku, A yuku wood, tree, stick, log, WCL puy, OKY puuri tree, plant, post, pole, log; also WCL yuu spit, skewer; see further puri
G yuungu, Y unyungu, At unyungu, awucha, A unyungu' breast, milk, WCL susu breast, udder, susuikai milk''
Loans or Possible Loans from the Western-Central Language of Torres Strait (Kala Lagaw Ya)
The following words vary from clear to possible loans from WCL into Gudang and Urradhi. This is shown by the phonology of the words. Most are fairly recent, however, some, such as sara tern, are older in that the Urradhi dialects have undergone sound changes similar to those undergone by Paman word stock. Possible loans are marked.WCL aap garden : G ampa ground, soil, cf Y ampimana clearing
WCL aga axe : G aga, Y agha
WCL apa- lower, below, down, underneath : G apa lower back
WCL baag jaw : G baaga cheek
WCL bœbath grandparent : G bubaatha grandfather
WCL buru dust, chips, crumbs : G burruburru ash
WCL daan eye : G daanha
WCL dhumowak, dhœmuwak cloth, clothes : G dhumook
WCL dhuyum thunder : Y unhthuymu, At unhthumu, A unhthuymu thunder.
WCL dœnasam eyelash : G caamudaanha
WCL gii knife : G giiri, Y ghiri, At kiri, A kiri
WCL iibu chin : G iibu
WCL kab paddle : G karaaba
WCL kat frog, underjaw part of jaw; neck , Bœigu sub-dialect kœteko, kœteku frog : G kartakarta green frog, Y akarrakarra
WCL katham banana : G katamarra, Y katamarra, A katamarra
WCL kausar inland pandanus, bœruwa young kausar : G burwa, kwacherra pandanus
WCL kayadh grandmother : G kayadha grandmother
WCL kùn stern : G koona or kuuna
WCL kùpai, kùpa, OKY kùpar birth cord, maithakùpai, ; cf. kùp bottom, base : G kupara
WCL mabar small mangrove conch with spikes : G mabarr, At mavarra k.o. shell
WCL makas mouse, rat; wœsar kangaroo, wallaby : G maakacha, Y wacharra, At acharra, acharraki, A wacharra mouse
WCL mapu heavy; pregnant : At mupadhi, mupaayma pregnant
WCL met dugong flipper, arm : G merta fin
WCL mœrap, mœraapi bamboo : G marraapi, Y marrapi, At marrapi, A marrapi
WCL mùdh shelter, hut, back-yard, haven, place/spot protected from the wind : G mudha
WCL muugu ant/termite hill/nest , white ant, termite : G muungku, Y mungka, At mungka, A mungka anthill
WCL ngaga bird/stingray wing : G ngaaga wing
WCL paad hill, tip, top, height : G pada hill, paada head
WCL patha- cut, chop : A ipaata cut, chop
WCL puuy, puuri magic charm/gear/medecine : G upiirri medecine, Y upirri, At upirri, A upirri sore, painful; witchcraft
WCL puuy, OKY puuri tree, plant, post, pole, log : G puri tree
WCL saan dugong tail : G canha fish tail
WCL sara tern : G carra tern, Y charra, At iyarra seagull
WCL sayima outrigger : G carima
WCL sœguba tobacco : G cuuka, cooka, Y/At/A
WCL sœka lungs : G caaka lungs
WCL tete animal/bird leg, cf. MM teter lower leg, upper foot : G tetarr finger/toe nail
WCl thawal coast, shore, shoreline : G thawarr seaweed
WCL thœyap wrist, OKY thœrapu : G theraapi wrist, forearm
WCL thuugu outrigger pole : G thuugu
WCL uru / wœru rope, sisaluru type of rope : G cicalurru
WCL urui creature, bird : G wurruy creature
WCL uur / wur / wœr water : G uurru boil
WCL waapi fish : G waapi
WCL waaru turtle, green turtle : G waarru, Y iwurru, A waru
WCL wagel after, behind : G wagel thunder
WCL wapadha cotton tree : G waapadha, Y wapadha, At wapara, A wapadha
WCL walap hat : G walaapa, At walapan, A walapan
WCL warup hour-glass-shaped drum : G warrupa, Y arupa, At arupa, A arupa drum
WCL wœnawa shell turtle : G wanawa, At wanawa turtle shell
WCL wœrab, wurab, urab coconut ; G warraaba, At warrava
WCL yatha, yetha beard : G yetha
WCL yathai, yatha, yathar spider shell : Y yathal, A yathaa nail, spider shell
WCL yœuth long house, hall, church : Y yutha, A yutha hut, house, church''