Hartogs's extension theorem


In mathematics, precisely in the theory of functions of several complex variables, Hartogs's extension theorem is a statement about the singularities of holomorphic functions of several variables. Informally, it states that the support of the singularities of such functions cannot be compact, therefore the singular set of a function of several complex variables must 'go off to infinity' in some direction. More precisely, it shows that an isolated singularity is always a removable singularity for any analytic function of complex variables. A first version of this theorem was proved by Friedrich Hartogs, and as such it is known also as Hartogs's lemma and Hartogs's principle: in earlier Soviet literature, it is also called Osgood–Brown theorem, acknowledging later work by Arthur Barton Brown and William Fogg Osgood. This property of holomorphic functions of several variables is also called [|Hartogs's phenomenon]: however, the locution "Hartogs's phenomenon" is also used to identify the property of solutions of systems of partial differential or convolution equations satisfying Hartogs type theorems.

Historical note

The original proof was given by Friedrich Hartogs in 1906, using Cauchy's integral formula for functions of several complex variables. Today, usual proofs rely on either the Bochner–Martinelli–Koppelman formula or the solution of the inhomogeneous Cauchy–Riemann equations with compact support. The latter approach is due to Leon Ehrenpreis who initiated it in the paper. Yet another very simple proof of this result was given by Gaetano Fichera in the paper, by using his solution of the Dirichlet problem for holomorphic functions of several variables and the related concept of CR-function: later he extended the theorem to a certain class of partial differential operators in the paper, and his ideas were later further explored by Giuliano Bratti. Also the Japanese school of the theory of partial differential operators worked much on this topic, with notable contributions by Akira Kaneko. Their approach is to use Ehrenpreis's fundamental principle.

Hartogs's phenomenon

A phenomenon that holds in several variables but does not hold in one variable is called Hartogs's phenomenon, which lead to the notion of this Hartogs's extension theorem and the domain of holomorphy, hence the theory of several complex variables.
For example, in two variables, consider the interior domain
in the two-dimensional polydisk where .
Theorem : any holomorphic functions on are analytically continued to . Namely, there is a holomorphic function on such that on .
In fact, using the Cauchy integral formula we obtain the extended function . All holomorphic functions are analytically continued to the polydisk, which is strictly larger than the domain on which the original holomorphic function is defined. Such phenomena never happen in the case of one variable.

Formal statement

Counterexamples in dimension one

The theorem does not hold when. To see this, it suffices to consider the function, which is clearly holomorphic in but cannot be continued as a holomorphic function on the whole. Therefore, the Hartogs's phenomenon is an elementary phenomenon that highlights the difference between the theory of functions of one and several complex variables.

Historical references