History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan


Jews from Udmurtia and Tatarstan. Udmurt and Tatar Jews are special territorial ethnocultural groups of the Ashkenazi Jews, which started to be formed in the residence areas of mixed Turkic-speaking, Finno-Ugric-speaking and Slavic-speaking population. Also from 1807 in the industrial and administrative centers of the Sarapulsky Uezd the Germans began to reside. Until this time the Germans in the region of formation of udmurt and tatar Jewry lived only to Kazan. The possibility of occurrence of Jewish communities in the region was made possible after the decree of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia on August 26, 1827 on the introduction of conscription for the Jews.
The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of the Udmurt Republic first appeared in the 1830s. On the territory of Tatarstan the Ashkenazim began to live in the same period of time.

Geographic, ethnocultural and linguistic characteristics

Initially the Ashkenazi Jews lived in the vast majority in the workmen's settlement of Izhevsky Zavod and the uezd city of Sarapul, as well as in the city of Kazan. Jews of these territories were Yiddish-speaking.
The local historian and linguist A.V. Altyntsev subdivided the Jews of the region on cultural and linguistic characteristics into two territorial groups: 1) Udmurt Jews Tatar Jews or Kazan Jews, who lived mainly in the city of Kazan and its agglomeration.
According to A.V. Altyntsev, the udmurt Jewry had formed the local Idiom on the base of the Yiddish of Udmurtia till the 1930s and features of Yiddish of migrants "joined" into it ; as a result up to the 1970-1980s the Udmurt Idiom was divided into two linguistic subgroups: the Central subgroup and the Southern subgroup. One of the characteristic features of the Udmurt Idiom is a noticeable number of Udmurt and Tatar loan words. For example, ule "herd, flock, troop, drove" < udmurt ull'o "herd, flock, troop, drove, brood"; d'z'uče, džuče "Russian " < udmurt d'z'uč "Russian "; kam "big river" < udmurt kam "big river"; šurχ "river" < udmurt šur "river"; botke "boiled rice, congee" < tatar botka "kasha, pap, porridge, gruel, stirabout", ulej "herd, flock, troop, drove" < udmurt ull'o "herd, flock, troop, drove, brood"; kiser, kis'er "failure, misfortune, reverse, bad luck, ill-luck" < udmurt kis'ör "failure"; vös'ašndorf < Yiddish vös'ašn- "priestly, sacerdotal " < Udmurt vös'as' "pagan priest in udmurt ethnic religion" + Yiddish dorf "village", the word וואָסיאַשןדאָרף vös'ašndorf is a Jewish appellation of the udmurt village of Kuzebaevo in the Alnashsky District of Udmurtia where southern udmurts are performed pagan oblations up to the present day. In connection with the Kazan "centralization" the Tatar Jewry on the main ethnocultural characteristics has been more or less holistic. Also the Jewish community of Udmurtia and Tatarstan have had for the greater part cultural-ethnic rather than religious basis because among its members were representatives of different religious characteristics – a confessional affiliation, a degree of religiosity and syncretic elements on the familial-ethnic level. Currently, due to the assimilation processes the Jews of Udmurtia and Tatarstan were successfully integrated into the Russian-speaking space and is actively used the Russian language.

Rural Jewish community of Alnashsky District

In the Alnashsky District of Udmurtia fairly large the rural Jewish community was located, whose members spoke the Alnashic subdialect of the Udmurtish, and also many Jews spoke Udmurt and/or Tatar languages. The Ashkenazi Jews in the Alnashsky District first appeared early in the 20th century. In the 1940s through the 1960s, the maximal quantity of the Jews in the district was 25-35 humans. The primary residences of the Jews there were three settlements: the village of Alnashi, the village of Varzi-Yatchi and the hamlet of Garga. The Alnashic Jewry celebrated all Jewish holydays except for Tu Bishvat. The most revered feasts were Passover, Simchat Torah, Yom Kippur, Hanukkah and
Purim. The Udmurts of the district often mistook the Jews for Russians but sometimes for russianized Germans or Udmurts. In the 1980s, the Jews practically left Alnashsky District. However in 2015, a few Jews lived still in the district as members of interethnic families.
Besides, the Alnashsky District occasionally attended the Subbotniks literally "new Yids", zhidovstvuyushchiye. The Subbotniks came for a recreation or on working affairs.. Please also note that the Russian word zhid is an antiquated word for 'Jew,' and is now considered a racial slur, translating to the English word 'Yid' or 'kike.'
The Alnashsky District's population has a complex ethnic structure. The district is one of 16 rural district of the Udmurt Republic where the Udmurts make up the majority, as well as one of the four districts of compact residence of Mari people. Besides, the Alnashsky District along with the Grakhovsky District and the Kiznersky District is the residence territory of the Kryashens in the rural area of Udmurtia. As a result of the 2002 census, among the 4th largest ethnic group of the district population the udmurts turned out 81.7%, Russians - 12.2%, Tatars - 3.4%, Mari - 2.1%.

Synagogues and Jewish ethnocultural formations

Under the moral pressure of leadership, Orthodox clergy and higher ranks of the Russian Empire, the Jews of the region to improve their living conditions turned into the Christian faith. Such cases are known since 1831.
Despite this fact in Izhevsk there were officially registered 56 orthodox Jews in 1846, 55 in 1847 and 130 in 1849. In 1897, there were 221 orthodox Jews in the city of Sarapul, and beyond, on the territory of the Sarapulsky Uezd there were 322 orthodox Jews.
In 1861, in the city of Kazan there were 184 Jews, mostly craftsmen and retired soldiers and their families. In 1897, the number of Jews in Kazan had risen to 1467 people.
In Izhevsk, since 1849 under the Jewish religious needs the prayer house was allocated. A second synagogue was opened in 1917 on Verkhniy Uzskiy side street between Tserkovnaya Street and Gospitalnaya Street, it was moved to another location in 1927. Both synagogues were closed in 1930.
At the beginning of the 20th century there was a synagogue in the city of Sarapul. The location of the first synagogue is unknown, but from 1915 to 1926 the Sarapul synagogue was located in the wing of a building at 38 Karl Marx Street.
From 1993 through the present time in Udmurtia there is the Association of Jewish culture of the Udmurt Republic. Created to study the history, culture and traditions of the Jewish people. There is a Sunday school. It has a connection with the Jewish Agency and the JDC. In 2000, it had about 400 members.
In the city of Kazan until the late 19th century, the Jewish community was not officially registered. Only on March 18, 1897, were the Jews allowed to make a house of worship, and the Kazan Jewish community was registered. But because of various delays created by the authorities, the Jewish prayer house was not opened until March 12, 1915, and before that, the community rented a private house for religious services. In 1929, the Kazan synagogue was closed by decision of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Council of Workers, Peasants and Red Army Deputies. Once again, the Jewish religious community was registered in 1990. And after the return of the building of the former prayer house, the Kazan synagogue was opened anew in 1996. It is located on 15 Profsoyuznaya Street in the city of Kazan.
In 1989, the club of Jewish culture "Menorah" was established in the Tatar branch of the Russian Cultural Foundation, which since 1993 is called the Kazan cultural center "Menorah". Since 1991, in Kazan there is the branch of the Jewish Agency. Also, it operated various institutions of education: since 1995 - the Sunday school, since 1998 - the secondary Jewish School №12; since 2000 - the center of World ORT and the Jewish kindergarten. In June 1997, it was officially registered the Jewish communal-charitable center "Hesed Moshe", where in the late of the 1990s received assistance about two thousand people. Since 1994, it is operated "Maccabi World Union" and the club "Golden Age". "Hesed Moshe" publishes the newspaper "Jewish Street".

Population

The number of Jews who lived on the territory of the Udmurt Republic.
1926

people
%1939

people		%1959

people		%1979

people		%1989

people		%2002

people		%
of
total		%
of
the number of people
who said ethnicity		2010

people		%
of
total		%
of
the number of people
who said ethnicity
Udmurtia2540,03 %11580,09 %21870,16 %18150,12 %16390,10 %9350,06 %0,06 %7170,05 %0,05 %

The number of Jews who lived on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan.
1926

people		%1939

people		%1959

people		%1979

people		%1989

people		%2002

people		%
of
total		%
of
the number of people
who said ethnicity		2010

people		%
of
total		%
of
the number of people
who said ethnicity
Tatarstan42650,16 %60500,21 %103600,36 %86500,25 %72940,20 %34720,09 %0,09 %26240,07 %0,07 %