Udmurtia


Udmurtia, or the Udmurt Republic, is a federal subject of Russia within the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Izhevsk. Population: 1,521,420.

Name

The name Udmurt comes from *odo-mort 'meadow people,' where the first part represents the Permic root *od 'meadow, glade, turf, greenery'. This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts are referred to as lugovye lyudi 'meadow people', alongside the traditional Russian name otyaki.
The second part murt means 'person', probably an early borrowing from a Scythian language: *mertä or *martiya 'person, man', which is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term *maryá- 'man', literally 'mortal, one who is bound to die', compare Old Indic márya ‘young warrior’ and Old Indic marut ‘chariot warrior’, both connected specifically with horses and chariots. The Proto-Indo-European word roots *mer-, *moro-s and *mer are related to the derived word *marko, meaning ‘horse’. It is related to a suffixed form of a root found in Proto-Altaic *mórV, compare Proto-Mongolic *mori, Proto-Tungusic *murin, Proto-Korean *màr and possibly also in Proto-Dravidian *mar-ai. According to the linguist T. Mikhailova this Indo-European word has been adopted in Central Europe from Altaic. The Indo-Europeanists T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov associate this word with horse-riding Altaic tribes in the.
On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of river in general. Recently, the most relevant is the version of V. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh. They suppose that ethnonym was borrowed either from Indo-Iranian *anta 'outside, close, last, edge, limit, boundary' or Turkic-Altaic *anda/*ant 'oath, comrade, friend'.

History

On November 4, 1920, the Votyak Autonomous Oblast was formed. On January 1, 1932, it was renamed Udmurt Autonomous Oblast, which was then reorganized into the Udmurt ASSR on December 28, 1934. During World War II, many industrial factories were evacuated from Ukraine and western borderlands to Udmurtia.

Geography

The republic is located to the west of the Ural Mountains and borders Kirov, Perm, Bashkortostan, and Tatarstan.
Udmurtia is a republic in the Russian Federation, located in Central Russia between the branches of two of the largest and oldest rivers in Europe: the Kama and its right tributary the Vyatka.
The city of Izhevsk is the administrative, industrial and cultural center of Udmurtia. Geographically, it is located not far from Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Russian Federation. The city has a well developed transport system.
On the west and north the Udmurtia borders the Kirov Oblast, on the east the Perm Oblast, and on the south the Bashkortostan and Tatarstan Republics.

Climate

The republic has a moderate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters with a lot of snow.
MonthAverage temperature
January
July

Demographics

Population:
Although as of 2007 the population was declining, the decline was stabilizing and was more pronounced in urban areas. Out of the 19,667 births reported in 2007, 12,631 were in urban areas and 7,036 were in rural areas. Birth rates for rural areas are 25% higher than that of urban areas. Of the total of 21,727 deaths, 14,366 were reported in urban areas and 7,361 were in rural areas. Natural decline of population was measured at -0.16% for urban areas and an insignificant -0.07% for rural areas.

Settlements

Vital statistics

Source
Average population Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate Crude death rate Natural change Total fertility rate
19701,42123,28613,26510,02116.49.37.1-
19751,45926,49714,66611,83118.210.18.1-
19801,50827,60116,86210,73918.311.27.1-
19851,56229,34317,55311,79018.811.27.5-
19901,61424,34515,8168,52915.19.85.32.04
19911,61922,21316,0026,21113.79.93.81.90
19921,62320,07418,0632,01112.411.11.21.73
19931,62217,12621,923−4,79710.613.5−3.01.48
19941,61916,87424,183−7,30910.414.9−4.51.45
19951,61515,48422,445−6,9619.613.9−4.31.32
19961,61014,87720,641−5,7649.212.8−3.61.26
19971,60615,36819,881−4,5139.612.4−2.81.30
19981,60316,13019,080−2,95010.111.9−1.81.36
19991,59815,79320,745−4,9529.913.0−3.11.32
20001,59216,25621,852−5,59610.213.7−3.51.36
20011,58316,63622,810−6,17410.514.4−3.91.38
20021,57217,74624,520−6,77411.315.6−4.31.46
20031,56117,98224,571−6,58911.515.7−4.21.47
20041,55218,23823,994−5,75611.715.5−3.71.47
20051,54317,19024,006−6,81611.115.6−4.41.38
20061,53517,48022,011−4,53111.414.3−3.01.40
20071,52919,66721,727−2,06012.914.2−1.31.57
20081,52520,42121,436−1,01513.414.1−0.71.65
20091,52321,10920,22788213.913.30.61.71
20101,52221,68421,10058414.313.90.41.78
20111,51921,90520,3581,54714.413.41.01.83
20121,51823,22519,5263,69915.312.92.41.98
20131,51722,13819,3322,80614.612.71.91.92
20141,51722,06019,4612,59914.512.81.71.96
20151,51722,19519,5332,66214.612.91.72.01
20161,51721,02419,0901,93413.812.61.21.96
20171,51517,95418,130−17611.912.0-0.11.72

TFR source

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 Census, Russians make up 62.2% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Udmurts make up only 28%. Other groups include Tatars, Ukrainians, Mari, and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the republic's total population.
Over two-thirds of the world population of Udmurts live in the republic.

Religion

According to a 2012 survey, 33.1% of the population of Udmurtia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 2% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, 4% are Muslims, 2% of the population adheres to the Slavic native faith or to Udmurt Vos, 1% adheres to forms of Protestantism, and 1% of the population are Old Believers. In addition, 29% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 19% is atheist, and 3.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.
The local Russian Orthodox Church is the Metropolitanate of Udmurtia, comprising the Eparchy of Izhevsk under Bishop and Metropolitan Viktorin , the Eparchy of Glazov under Bishop Viktor and the Eparchy of Sarapul under Bishop Anthony .

Jews in Udmurtia

Udmurt Jews are a special territorial group of the Ashkenazi Jews, which started to be formed in the residential areas of mixed Turkic-speaking, Finno-Ugric-speaking and Slavic-speaking population. The Ashkenazi Jews on the territory of the Udmurt Republic first appeared in the 1830s. The Udmurt Jewry had formed the local variety on the base of the Yiddish of Udmurtia till the 1930s and features of Yiddish of migrants "joined" into it ; as a result up to the 1970s and 1980s the Udmurt variety of Yiddish was divided into two linguistic subgroups: the central subgroup and the southern subgroup. One of the characteristic features of the Udmurtish is a noticeable number of Udmurt and Tatar loan words.

Culture