Ignatius Lissner
Ignatius F. Lissner, S.M.A. was a French-born Catholic priest who was instrumental in developing the ministry of the Catholic Church in the United States to the African American population. He established there the missionary society to which he belonged, the Society of African Missions. He was called the "Apostle of the Negro" at the time of his death.
Early life
He was born on 6 April 1867 to Nicholas Lissner and Anna Marie Spehner, the youngest of nine children, in Wolxheim, Bas-Rhin, in the region of Alsace in France. His father, a descendant of Jews from Poland, had converted to Catholicism, and he was raised in a devoutly Catholic home, from which five children were to enter service in the Church.Lissner was drawn to the priesthood at an early age and entered the diocesan minor seminary to start his education. By 1888, he felt called to serve in the African missions and entered the Society on 21 December of that year. He did his studies to prepare for ordination, first at the Society's school at Clermont-Ferrand, completing his theological studies at their Major Seminary in Lyon. He was ordained in the seminary chapel on 25 July 1891.
Africa
After his ordination, Lissner was assigned to serve in Whydah in the Kingdom of Dahomey, which was then undergoing increasing control by France. It is now part of the nation of Benin. In the summer of 1892, several months after his arrival, an insurrection among the native population broke out and many of the missionaries in the region fled the town. Lissner, however, chose to stay and was taken captive by King Béhanzin for several months. Managing to escape, he returned to the city on 2 December 1892 with French military forces who were able to retake it from rebel hands.Lissner remained in Dahomey for another five years. The details of his work among the people there are lost, other than his founding the Parish of St. Joseph in Grand-Popo.
In March 1897 Lissner was assigned to travel to North America to raise funds for the work of the Society. After his arrival in the United States, he traveled widely throughout the nation to make the work of the Society known and to beg for financial support for its works. He also traveled to Canada, preaching throughout the Province of Quebec. In 1899 he was assigned to work in Egypt, where he stayed until 1901. At that point he was sent back to the United States to resume his work of raising funds and recruiting for the Society.
America
For the next five years, Lissner worked as a minister to the poor of the country, which was itself still considered mission territory by the Church Church, with an infrastructure slowly growing to serve the growing number of immigrants from Europe, and was still under the supervision of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. He became aware of the lack of organized care for the small population of African-American Catholics. The expectation that there would be organized outreach to the general population of ex-slaves after the American Civil War had not been met, as the system of recruiting specialists for the "Colored Mission", as it was called, had little success.The Holy See was aware of the situation and decided to take action. In 1906, Bishop Benjamin Keily of the Diocese of Savannah-Atlanta received instructions from Rome that he was to use the services of the Society of African Missions to provide pastoral care to the blacks of the diocese. On the following 17 December Lissner received a letter from the bishop offering the Society the exclusive charge of this population.
In January 1907, under Lissner's direction, two priests of the Society took charge of the Parish of St. Benedict the Moor in Savannah, Georgia. Lissner himself went to Rome to present his plans for the missions entrusted to his care, receiving the blessing of Pope Pius X for this work. He returned to the United States that following November, accompanied by several other members of the Society, all of whom were from his native Alsace. Over the next six years, Lissner went on to found a series of parish and parochial schools to serve the blacks of rural Georgia. The members of the Society carried out this work in the face of a lack of support from their colleagues among the local Catholic clergy and of hostility from the Ku Klux Klan.
Founder
Handmaids of Mary
In 1915 a bill came before the Georgia legislature which would have outlawed the education of black children by white teachers. The schools which Lissner had established in Savannah were served by Franciscan Sisters, who were all white. In an effort to head off the closing of these schools, he proposed to Bishop Keily that a religious congregation of black Religious Sisters be founded to take over the charge of these schools. The bishop agreed to the proposal, saying "Yes, colored Sisters for colored people."As a result, Lissner recruited the help of Elizabeth Barbara Williams, a longterm member of a former congregation of Franciscan Sisters which had disbanded, to help in this work. Williams, under Lissner's authority and guidance, was joined by other black women to found the Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary, a congregation open to receiving members regardless of race. Under the name of Mother Theodore, she headed the new congregation.
The bill which sparked their founding, however, did not pass in the Legislature and the white Sisters remained at two of the schools. The Handmaids took control of one of Lissner's schools. Having no real financial resources, however, they resorted to running a laundry and begging to support themselves, and faced a daily struggle for their survival as a community.
In 1922, Lissner made a business trip to New York City, where he met with Cardinal Patrick Hayes, the Archbishop of New York. Hayes was aware of the small community of Black Sisters which Lissner had helped found and was guiding. He asked Lissner for their help in caring for black children in Harlem. This led to their eventual relocation to New York.
St. Anthony's Seminary
At this period, there was no seminary in the United States which would accept an African American candidate. Lissner saw as part of the mission of his Society the formation of a black clergy to serve their people. He envisioned establishing a seminary which would accomplish this. He received the support and funding for this project from the Philadelphia heiress, Mother Katharine Drexel, S.B.S., who had dedicated her life and fortune to this same population and had formed a strong friendship with him from the time of his initial visit to America.Relying largely on funds she provided, Lissner purchased property in Tenafly, New Jersey. He opened there St. Anthony's Mission, the first seminary of the Society in the nation in 1921, and one which was open to candidates of all races. He recruited six African American men to attend, all of whom graduated and received ordination. All of them, however, found so much prejudice in the congregations they tried to serve that they wound up leaving the country to serve elsewhere in the world. The seminary was forced to close in 1927.
A new province
With the expansion of the Society's work to the West Coast of the United States through the foundation of a mission in Los Angeles in 1926, Lissner recognized that the work of the Society could not be reliably maintained by Europeans. This was true whether relying on the Alsatians who had accompanied him or the influx of members of the Society from Ireland which had also taken place, and thus needed native members. He therefore began to work on establishing a fully functioning region of the Society. In this way, the institutions could be developed to recruit and train American men for missionary work and to establish sources of financial support. To this end, with the approval of his religious superiors in Europe, he began to lay the groundwork for an American province of the Society.In 1938, Lissner organized the construction of a novitiate and seminary for the Society in Silver Spring, Maryland. The following year, the Superior General of the Society established the Pro-Province of the United States, just short of full status. Lissner was named Pro-Provincial Superior. This work progressed to the satisfaction of the superiors of the Society, and a new mission in Tucson, Arizona was opened. As a result, on 7 March 1941, the status of the Missionaries of Africa in the United States was raised to that of a full Province. Lissner was appointed as the first American Provincial Superior.
The new Province was soon severely tried with the entry of the United States into World War II. Recruitment of young men became almost impossible due to the military draft and travel restrictions interfered with the ability of the new Provincial Council to meet and coordinate the work of the Province. Additionally, the seminary was destroyed by fire in 1943. Lissner, however, had gained such stature for his work that he was able to raise the funds needed to rebuild the seminary by end of the War, and even built a House of Studies for college-age seminarians in Boston. Under his leadership there was a successful melding of the differing cultural groups of Alsatians and Irish into a united organization.