Independent city
An independent city or independent town is a city or town that does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity.
Historical precursors
In the Holy Roman Empire, and to a degree in its successor states the German Confederation and the German Empire, so-called "free imperial cities" held the legal status of imperial immediacy, according to which they were not subinfeudated to any vassal ruler and were instead subject to the authority of the Emperor alone. Examples included Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck, along with others that gained and/or lost the privileges of immediacy over the course of the Empire's history.National capitals
A number of countries have made their national capitals into separate entities.Federal capitals
In countries with a federal structure, the federal capital is often separate from other jurisdictions in the country, and frequently has a unique system of government.Africa
Ethiopia
, capital of Ethiopia, has held the designation of chartered city since 1991, when it was separated from the former province of Shewa. It shares this status with one other city, Dire Dawa.Mali
, the capital of Mali, is contained within the Bamako Capital District.Niger
capital, Niamey, comprises a capital district of Niger. It is surrounded by the Tillabéri Department.Nigeria
's capital Abuja is located in the Federal Capital Territory. The Territory was established in 1976, and the capital was formally moved from Lagos in 1991.Zambia
is the center of the Copperbelt Province in Zambia holding nearly all of the nation's copper reserves. The Kitwe Charter, the constitution establishing the independence of the city, was certified on July 16, 2020 by the Commissioner of Oaths of the Senior Local Court Magrist for the Republic of Zambia.Asia
Republic of China (Taiwan)
In Taiwan Area under the administrative division system of the Republic of China, some cities are directly administered by the Executive Yuan, some are administered by provinces, and some are subordinate to counties. The centrally-administered and province-administered ones are like independent cities under this definition.South Korea
In addition to its nine provinces, South Korea has seven province-level "metropolitan cities." By far the largest among these in terms of population is the capital, Seoul, called a teukbyeol-si, which is home to more than 20% of the entire population of the country. The remaining six independent cities are called gwangyeok-si whose names are: Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Incheon, Gwangju, and Ulsan.Historically, these independent cities have been carved from the province that surrounds them. Consequently, they typically share a strong regional and cultural identity with the adjoining province. For instance, Gwangju, located at the center of Jeolla region, is heavily associated with the region. Seoul and Incheon are said to make up the National Capital Area along with the densely populated Gyeonggi that almost completely encompasses them.
One interesting relic of the newer independent cities is that, in some cases, the government administrative buildings of the provinces they were once a part of are still located within city boundaries, meaning that these provinces have capitals that are not within their borders.
On July 1, 2012, Yeongi-gun, Chungcheongnam-do absorbed parts of Cheonan, Gongju and Cheongju, and became independent from Chungcheongnam-do as Sejong Special Self-governing City under the Special Act on the Installation of Sejong City. Currently, the population of Sejong Special Self-governing City is lower than that of the aforementioned metropolitan cities, but the population is increasing with the construction of a mixed-use administrative city. In 2006, the ruling party floated a proposal to completely eliminate all current province and independent-city borders. This plan would divide the entire republic into fifty or sixty city- or county-level administrations, similar to the system in Japan. The plan was intended to help reduce regional discrimination and animosity by eliminating provincial identity.
Philippines
Many major cities in the Philippines are independent cities, classified as either "highly urbanized" or "independent component" cities. These cities are administratively and legally not subject to a province, and thus do not share their tax revenues with any province. In practise, most cities are often still grouped with provinces that they were partitioned from for the sake of convenience and simplicity. The national government and its agencies serve these cities through sub-offices for each region, to which the cities are indirectly subject. There are 38 such cities, with 16 being located in Metro Manila ; eight in the rest of Luzon and its surrounding islands; seven in the Visayas island group; and seven in Mindanao and its surrounding islands.Vietnam
Vietnam has five municipalities that are not part of any of the Vietnam's provinces. This includes Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam; and Ho Chi Minh City, the most populous city of Vietnam.China
In China, both Beijing and Tianjin are independent of the surrounding province of Hebei, of which they were formerly a part. Similarly, Shanghai is now independent from Jiangsu and Chongqing from Sichuan. Hong Kong and Macao have the status of special administrative regions, separated from their original province Guangdong.Korea
In both South Korea and North Korea, special cities are independent from their surrounding provinces and city-states under direct governance from the central government. Examples are Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon and Ulsan in South Korea and Pyongyang and Rason in North Korea. In South Korea, the main criterion for granting secession from the province is a population reaching one million.Thailand
In Thailand, the capital Bangkok operates independently of any province and is considered a special administrative area. It is a primate city in terms of its large population, having nearly 8% of Thailand's total population.Indonesia
In Indonesia, the national capital Jakarta is within the Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta. Jakarta is considered as one of Indonesia's provinces, therefore Jakarta is headed by a governor and not a mayor. However, Jakarta is divided into 5 smaller "administration-cities" and one "administration-regency". The administration-cities are Central, North, East, West, and South Jakarta. The Kepulauan Seribu administration-regency is also included in the formal definition of Jakarta. All of these sub-units have their own degree of autonomy. Mayors of the five administration-cities and the regent of Kepulauan Seribu administration-regency are not elected, but directly appointed by the Governor and members of the Provincial Parliament of Jakarta. Furthermore, these sub-units do not have local parliament as opposed to other cities or regencies in Indonesia.India
and the old city of Delhi together form the National Capital Territory of Delhi.Iraq
The capital of Iraq, Baghdad, is contained within a special capital districtJapan
In Japan, Tokyo, as well as being a city, forms a prefecture, falling into a special category of "metropolitan prefecture" having some of the attributes of a city and some of a prefecture. Within Tokyo, there are smaller units, "wards", "cities", "towns", etc., but some of the responsibilities normally assigned to cities and towns in other Japanese prefectures are handled by the Tokyo metropolitan government instead.Pakistan
The capital of Pakistan, Islamabad, is a planned city within the Islamabad Capital Territory, which was created in 1960 out of the Punjab Province. The Territory elects representatives to both houses of the legislature. Before Islamabad was made the capital, Karachi was located in the Federal Capital Territory, which later reverted to the Sindh Province.UAE
In United Arab Emirates, the seven emirates are themselves city-states, or were historically, in particular Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah.Europe
Austria
The city of Vienna is a federal state within the Republic of Austria. A similar concept is the statutory city.Belgium
The Brussels capital region, a densely built-up area consisting of 19 communes including the capital city Brussels, became one of Belgium's three regions after the country was turned into a federation in 1970.Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Brčko District is independent of both Entities that constitute Bosnia and Herzegovina. All other cities and municipalities are under the jurisdiction of the Entity or under the jurisdiction of cantons. The Dayton Peace Agreement afforded the special designation as a district, while also creating the Office of the High Representative that currently oversees the district of Brčko.Bulgaria
The capital city of Sofia has the status of oblast.Croatia
The capital city of Zagreb has the status equal to županija, whereas all other cities and municipalities are under a county jurisdiction.Historically, Croatian cities became independent by being named a "royal free city".
France
The city of Paris is both a département and a commune; it is the only French city with this status. The Council of Paris exercises functions similar to those of a departmental council and a city council. However, Paris and the départements closest to it are part of the Île-de-France région.Germany
In Germany most of the federal states are subdivided into administrative districts called Kreise, each of which normally includes several towns or cities. However, a number of the more important cities are not part of a Kreis, but are instead themselves each equivalent in status and functions to a Kreis. Such cities are known as Kreisfreie Städte – or, in the case of Baden-Württemberg, Stadtkreise.There are currently 110 Kreisfreie Städte. Of these, the 22 largest are:
- Berlin
- Hamburg
- Munich
- Cologne
- Frankfurt
- Stuttgart
- Düsseldorf
- Dortmund
- Essen
- Leipzig
- Bremen
- Dresden
- Hanover
- Nuremberg
- Duisburg
- Bochum
- Wuppertal
- Bielefeld
- Bonn
- Münster
- Karlsruhe
- Mannheim
: Effectively a Kreisfreie Stadt, although the city is de jure a part of the special-status Hanover Region.
''Stadtstaaten'' of Germany
Two cities in Germany, namely Berlin and Hamburg, are considered city-states. Additionally, the state of Bremen is often called a city-state although it consists of the two cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven, which are separated by the state of Lower Saxony. Together with thirteen area states they form the sixteen federal states of Germany. Hamburg and Bremen are "Free and Hanseatic Cities".Generally, the city-states have no other rights or duties than the other states. Through the financial redistribution system of Equalization Payments in Germany, they do receive more money because of their demographic characteristics. The city-states are most distinctive due to the names of their state organs: their governments are called Senate, the prime ministers 'mayor' or President of the Senate and also the expressions for their state parliaments differ from the other states.
In the 18th century many German cities were free imperial cities, without a principality between them and the imperial level. After the Napoleonic era, in 1815, four were still city-states: Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck in Northern Germany, and Frankfurt where the Federal Convention was located. Frankfurt was incorporated by Prussia in 1866, and Lübeck became a part of Prussia during the national socialist regime in 1937. After 1945, Berlin was a divided city, and the Western part became a German quasi-state under Allied supervision. Since 1990/1991, the reunited Berlin is an ordinary German state among others.
Hungary
In Hungary, 23 of the cities are "cities with county rights". These cities have equal rights with the 19 counties of Hungary.Ireland
Cork, Dublin and Galway are governed by independent city councils.Norway
In Norway, Oslo is both a municipality and a county within itself.Poland
In Poland, many of the biggest cities comprise their own city counties. They are suitably marked on the list of counties in Poland.Romania
, the capital of Romania, is outside the country's system of counties.Russian Federation
In the Russian Federation, Moscow and Saint Petersburg are both subjects of the federation and cities themselves. Russia also considers the Crimean city of Sevastopol to be a federal city of Russia, but this is not recognized by the majority of states who see the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation as unlawful.Spain
In Spain, there exist two so-called autonomous cities, Ceuta and Melilla, which are located on the North African coast surrounded by Morocco and have been under Spanish jurisdiction since the 15th century. Spain is a highly decentralized state organized in autonomous communities. These two cities hold their special status because they are not large enough to be considered regions on their own. Nonetheless, they function as autonomous communities with a high degree of self-administration and law-making powers.Sweden
Historically, until 1967, Stockholm did not belong to any county of Sweden. Instead, there was an Governor that had the normal responsibilities of the County Administrative Boards and its managers, the governors. There was no County Council ; instead, the Stockholm city handled such tasks.Switzerland
One of the cantons of Switzerland, Basel-Stadt, is considered to be a city-state.Ukraine
In Ukraine, the cities of Kiev and Sevastopol are part of the country constituent regions along with the autonomous republic of Crimea, and 24 other oblasts.United Kingdom
In the UK, having city status gives the city's local government no additional inherent powers; city status depends on a grant from the monarch and merely confers on the place so designated the right to call itself a city. Many cities and large urban areas are unitary authorities, meaning they have their own local government, separate from the surrounding county. County borough referred to a borough or a city, independent of county council control in England and Wales from 1889 to 1974 with the term continuing in use in Northern Ireland. Wales re-introduced the term in 1994 for use with certain unitary authorities.London, the capital of the United Kingdom and its constituent country England, is administratively Greater London, which consists of the City of London and 32 London boroughs. Greater London is not one of the metropolitan or non-metropolitan counties, which the remainder of England is subdivided into. London has its own assembly and directly elected mayor, which exercise local government/devolved powers greater than any other city or place in the UK, apart from the nations/provinces of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Gibraltar is also autonomous.
North America
Canada
In the Canadian province of Ontario, the same type of city is referred to as a single-tier municipality. In Quebec, they are often called separated cities, as they are not Regional County Municipalities. The vast majority of cities, towns, and villages in Alberta are separate from their surrounding county/municipal district. In Manitoba, all incorporated cities, towns, and villages are classified as separate urban municipalities and are fully independent from surrounding rural municipalities; unincorporated communities, including local urban districts, remain part of their surrounding rural municipalities. New Brunswick, all county government was abolished in 1967. Therefore, in theory, all cities, townships, and settlements in New Brunswick could be considered independent cities.Dominican Republic
In Dominican Republic the Nacional District, containing the city of Santo Domingo de Guzman was created as a special district in 1922.Mexico
, the capital of the United Mexican States, is coterminous with the Federal District. The 31 states and the Federal District are collectively called "federal entities".United States
There are 41 independent cities in the United States. Of these, 38 are in Virginia. They are called 'independent' because they are not in the territory of any county or counties. Independent cities in Virginia may, however, serve as county seats for neighboring counties.The three independent cities outside Virginia are Baltimore, Maryland; St. Louis, Missouri; and Carson City, Nevada.
New York City displays many features associated with independent cities but is, in fact, a sui generis municipality that is coextensive with five counties. Counties invariably are administrative divisions of state government. In the case of New York City, however, they are also administrative divisions of city government. As city administrative divisions, the five counties are called boroughs, retaining the label 'county' as state administrative divisions. For three out of the five boroughs, the borough and county have different names: the borough of Manhattan is the County of New York; Brooklyn is Kings County; and Staten Island is Richmond County. For the remaining two boroughs, Queens and the Bronx, the county and borough share the same name.
Another similar entity is a consolidated city-county. An independent city is not even nominally part of any county, whereas for a consolidated city and county, the county at least nominally exists. In some cases, such as Indianapolis, Indiana, the largest city in a county is consolidated with the county government while smaller communities continue to operate within the same county but separately from Indianapolis. In other cases, such as The City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii, and The City and County of San Francisco, California, there is a complete consolidation of municipality and county. San Francisco, for example, has a chief executive called "Mayor", a term normally associated with city government, but the legislative body is called "Board of Supervisors", which is otherwise associated with county government in California.
Washington, D.C., meanwhile, effectively functions in varying ways as an independent city, consolidated city-county, and state all in one, although it has special Constitutional status as the "district constituting the seat of government of the United States," and is not part of a county or a state. In 1871, the cities of Washington and Georgetown and the County of Washington were consolidated into a single local government.