International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights


The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966 through GA. Resolution 2200A, and came in force from 3 January 1976. It commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights to the Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories and individuals, including labour rights and the right to health, the right to education, and the right to an adequate standard of living. As of July 2020, the Covenant has 171 parties. A further four countries, including the United States, have signed but not ratified the Covenant.
The ICESCR is part of the International Bill of Human Rights, along with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, including the latter's first and second Optional Protocols.
The Covenant is monitored by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Genesis

The ICESCR has its roots in the same process that led to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A "Declaration on the Essential Rights of Man" had been proposed at the 1945 San Francisco Conference which led to the founding of the United Nations, and the Economic and Social Council was given the task of drafting it. Early on in the process, the document was split into a declaration setting forth general principles of human rights, and a convention or covenant containing binding commitments. The former evolved into the UDHR and was adopted on 10 December 1948.
Drafting continued on the convention, but there remained significant differences between UN members on the relative importance of negative civil and political versus positive economic, social and cultural rights. These eventually caused the convention to be split into two separate covenants, "one to contain civil and political rights and the other to contain economic, social and cultural rights." The two covenants were to contain as many similar provisions as possible, and be opened for signature simultaneously. Each would also contain an article on the right of all peoples to self-determination.
The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realisation of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.
The first document became the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the second the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The drafts were presented to the UN General Assembly for discussion in 1954, and adopted in 1966.

Summary

The Covenant follows the structure of the UDHR and the ICCPR, with a preamble and thirty-one articles, divided into five parts.
Part 1 recognises the right of all peoples to self-determination, including the right to "freely determine their political status", pursue their economic, social and cultural goals, and manage and dispose of their own resources. It recognises a negative right of a people not to be deprived of its means of subsistence, and imposes an obligation on those parties still responsible for non-self governing and trust territories to encourage and respect their self-determination.
Part 2 establishes the principle of "progressive realisation" It also requires the rights be recognised "without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status". The rights can only be limited by law, in a manner compatible with the nature of the rights, and only for the purpose of "promoting the general welfare in a democratic society".
Part 3 lists the rights themselves. These include rights to
As negative and positive rights are rights that oblige either action or inaction, many of these aforementioned rights include specific actions which must be undertaken to realise them, as they are positive economic, social and cultural rights that go beyond relatively inaction-based civil and political negative rights.
Part 4 governs reporting and monitoring of the Covenant and the steps taken by the parties to implement it. It also allows the monitoring body – originally the United Nations Economic and Social Council – now the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – see below – to make general recommendations to the UN General Assembly on appropriate measures to realise the rights
Part 5 governs ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the Covenant.

Core provisions

Principle of progressive realisation

Article 2 of the Covenant imposes a duty on all parties to
take steps... to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures.

This is known as the principle of "progressive realisation". It acknowledges that some of the rights may be difficult in practice to achieve in a short period of time, and that states may be subject to resource constraints, but requires them to act as best they can within their means.
The principle differs from that of the ICCPR, which obliges parties to "respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction" the rights in that Convention. However, it does not render the Covenant meaningless. The requirement to "take steps" imposes a continuing obligation to work towards the realisation of the rights. It also rules out deliberately regressive measures which impede that goal. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights also interprets the principle as imposing minimum core obligations to provide, at the least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights. If resources are highly constrained, this should include the use of targeted programmes aimed at the vulnerable.
The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights regards legislation as an indispensable means for realizing the rights which is unlikely to be limited by resource constraints. The enacting of anti-discrimination provisions and the establishment of enforceable rights with judicial remedies within national legal systems are considered to be appropriate means. Some provisions, such as anti-discrimination laws, are already required under other human rights instruments, such as the ICCPR.

Labour rights

Article 6 of the Covenant recognizes the right to work as defined by the opportunity of everyone to gain a means of sustenance by means of freely chosen or accepted work. Parties are required to take "appropriate steps" to safeguard this right, including technical and vocational training and economic policies aimed at steady economic development, and ultimately full employment. The right implies parties must guarantee equal access to employment and protect workers from being unfairly deprived of employment. They must prevent discrimination in the workplace and ensure access for the disadvantaged. The fact that work must be freely chosen or accepted means parties must prohibit forced or child labour.
The work referred to in Article 6 must be decent work. This is effectively defined by Article 7 of the Covenant, which recognises the right of everyone to "just and favourable" working conditions. These are in turn defined as fair wages with equal pay for equal work, sufficient to provide a decent living for workers and their dependants; safe working conditions; equal opportunity in the workplace; and sufficient rest and leisure, including limited working hours and regular, paid holidays.
Article 8 recognises the right of workers to form or join trade unions and protects the right to strike. However, it allows these rights to be restricted for members of the armed forces, police, or government administrators. Several parties have placed reservations on this clause, allowing it to be interpreted in a manner consistent with their constitutions, or extending the restriction of union rights to groups such as firefighters.

Right to social security

Article 9 of the Covenant recognises "the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance". It requires parties to provide some form of social insurance scheme to protect people against the risks of sickness, disability, maternity, employment injury, unemployment or old age; to provide for survivors, orphans, and those who cannot afford health care; and to ensure that families are adequately supported. Benefits from such a scheme must be adequate, accessible to all, and provided without discrimination. The Covenant does not restrict the form of the scheme, and both contributory and non-contributory schemes are permissible.
The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has noted persistent problems with the implementation of this right, with very low levels of access.
Several parties, including France and Monaco, have reservations allowing them to set residence requirements in order to qualify for social benefits. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights permits such restrictions, provided they are proportionate and reasonable.

Right to family life

Article 10 of the Covenant recognises the family as "the natural and fundamental group unit of society", and requires parties to accord it "the widest possible protection and assistance". Parties must ensure that their citizens are free to establish families and that marriages are freely contracted and not forced. Parties must also provide paid leave or adequate social security to mothers before and after childbirth, an obligation which overlaps with that of Article 9. Finally, parties must take "special measures" to protect children from economic or social exploitation, including setting a minimum age of employment and barring children from dangerous and harmful occupations.

Right to an adequate standard of living

Article 11 recognises the right to an adequate standard of living. This includes, but is not limited to, the right to adequate food, clothing, housing, and "the continuous improvement of living conditions". It also creates an obligation on parties to work together to eliminate world hunger.
The right to adequate food, also referred to as the right to food, is interpreted as requiring "the availability of food in a quantity and quality sufficient to satisfy the dietary needs of individuals, free from adverse substances, and acceptable within a given culture". This must be accessible to all, implying an obligation to provide special programmes for the vulnerable. This must also ensure an equitable distribution of world food supplies in relation to need, taking into account the problems of food-importing and food-exporting countries. The right to adequate food also implies a right to water.
The right to adequate housing, also referred to as the right to housing, is "the right to live somewhere in security, peace and dignity." It requires "adequate privacy, adequate space, adequate security, adequate lighting and ventilation, adequate basic infrastructure and adequate location with regard to work and basic facilities – all at a reasonable cost." Parties must ensure security of tenure and that access is free of discrimination, and progressively work to eliminate homelessness. Forced evictions, defined as "the permanent or temporary removal against their will of individuals, families and/or communities from the homes and/or land which they occupy, without the provision of, and access to, appropriate forms of legal or other protection," are a prima facie violation of the Covenant.
The right to adequate clothing, also referred to as the right to clothing, has not been authoritatively defined and has received little in the way of academic commentary or international discussion. What is considered "adequate" has only been discussed in specific contexts, such as refugees, the disabled, the elderly, or workers.

Right to health

Article 12 of the Covenant recognises the right of everyone to "the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health". "Health" is understood not just as a right to be healthy, but as a right to control one's own health and body, and be free from interference such as torture or medical experimentation. States must protect this right by ensuring that everyone within their jurisdiction has access to the underlying determinants of health, such as clean water, sanitation, food, nutrition and housing, and through a comprehensive system of healthcare, which is available to everyone without discrimination, and economically accessible to all.
Article 12.2 requires parties to take specific steps to improve the health of their citizens, including reducing infant mortality and improving child health, improving environmental and workplace health, preventing, controlling and treating epidemic diseases, and creating conditions to ensure equal and timely access to medical services for all. These are considered to be "illustrative, non-exhaustive examples", rather than a complete statement of parties' obligations.
The right to health is interpreted as requiring parties to respect women's' reproductive rights, by not limiting access to contraception or "censoring, withholding or intentionally misrepresenting" information about sexual health. They must also ensure that women are protected from harmful traditional practices such as female genital mutilation.
The right to health is an inclusive right extending not only to timely and appropriate health care, but also to the underlying determinants of health, such as access to safe and potable water and adequate sanitation, an adequate supply of safe food, nutrition and housing, healthy occupational and environmental conditions.

Right to free education

Article 13 of the Covenant recognises the right of everyone to free education. This is to be directed towards "the full development of the human personality and the sense of its dignity", and enable all persons to participate effectively in society. Education is seen both as a human right and as "an indispensable means of realizing other human rights", and so this is one of the longest and most important articles of the Covenant.
Article 13.2 lists a number of specific steps parties are required to pursue to realise the right of education. These include the provision of free, universal and compulsory primary education, "generally available and accessible" secondary education in various forms, and equally accessible higher education. All of these must be available to all without discrimination. Parties must also develop a school system, encourage or provide scholarships for disadvantaged groups. Parties are required to make education free at all levels, either immediately or progressively; "rimary education shall be compulsory and available free to all"; secondary education "shall be made generally available and accessible to all by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education"; and "igher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education".
Articles 13.3 and 13.4 require parties to respect the educational freedom of parents by allowing them to choose and establish private educational institutions for their children, also referred to as freedom of education. They also recognise the right of parents to "ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions". This is interpreted as requiring public schools to respect the freedom of religion and conscience of their students, and as forbidding instruction in a particular religion or belief system unless non-discriminatory exemptions and alternatives are available.
The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights interpret the Covenant as also requiring states to respect the academic freedom of staff and students, as this is vital for the educational process. It also considers corporal punishment in schools to be inconsistent with the Covenant's underlying principle of the dignity of the individual.
Article 14 of the Covenant requires those parties which have not yet established a system of free compulsory primary education to rapidly adopt a detailed plan of action for its introduction "within a reasonable number of years".

Right to participation in cultural life

Article 15 of the Covenant recognises the right of everyone to participate in cultural life, enjoy the benefits of scientific progress, and to benefit from the protection of the moral and material rights to any scientific discovery or artistic work they have created. The latter clause is sometimes seen as requiring the protection of intellectual property, but the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights interprets it as primarily protecting the moral rights of authors and "proclaim the intrinsically personal character of every creation of the human mind and the ensuing durable link between creators and their creations". It thus requires parties to respect the right of authors to be recognised as the creator of a work. The material rights are interpreted as being part of the right to an adequate standard of living, and "need not extend over the entire lifespan of an author."
Parties must also work to promote the conservation, development and diffusion of science and culture, "respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity", and encourage international contacts and cooperation in these fields.

Reservations

A number of parties have made reservations and interpretative declarations to their application of the Covenant.
Algeria interprets parts of Article 13, protecting the liberty of parents to freely choose or establish suitable educational institutions, so as not to "impair its right freely to organize its educational system."
Bangladesh interprets the self-determination clause in Article 1 as applying in the historical context of colonialism. It also reserves the right to interpret the labour rights in Articles 7 and 8 and the non-discrimination clauses of Articles 2 and 3 within the context of its constitution and domestic law.
Belgium interprets non-discrimination as to national origin as "not necessarily implying an obligation on States automatically to guarantee to foreigners the same rights as to their nationals. The term should be understood to refer to the elimination of any arbitrary behaviour but not of differences in treatment based on objective and reasonable considerations, in conformity with the principles prevailing in democratic societies."
China restricts labour rights in Article 8 in a manner consistent with its constitution and domestic law.
Egypt accepts the Covenant only to the extent it does not conflict with Islamic Sharia law. Sharia is "a primary source of legislation" under Article 2 of both the suspended and the.
France views the Covenant as subservient to the UN Charter. It also reserves the right to govern the access of aliens to employment, social security, and other benefits.
India interprets the right of self-determination as applying "only to the peoples under foreign domination" and not to apply to peoples within sovereign nation-states. It also interprets the limitation of rights clause and the rights of equal opportunity in the workplace within the context of its constitution.
Indonesia interprets the self-determination clause within the context of other international law and as not applying to peoples within a sovereign nation-state.
Ireland reserves the right to promote the Irish language.
Japan reserved the right not to be bound to progressively introduce free secondary and higher education, the right to strike for public servant and the remuneration on public holidays.
Kuwait interprets the non-discrimination clauses of Articles 2 and 3 within its constitution and laws, and reserves the right to social security to apply only to Kuwaitis. It also reserves the right to forbid strikes.
Mexico restricts the labour rights of Article 8 within the context of its constitution and laws.
Monaco interprets the principle of non-discrimination on the grounds of national origin as "not necessarily implying an automatic obligation on the part of States to guarantee foreigners the same rights as their nationals", and reserves the right to set residence requirements on the rights to work, health, education, and social security.
Myanmar has a general reservation to interpret "the right of self-determination" to not interfere with the established government or authorize any action to undermine the government. Additionally, the term does not apply to Section 10 of the Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, 2008. Section 10 reads: "no part of the territory constituted in the union such as regions, states, union territories, and self-administered areas shall ever secede from the Union."
New Zealand reserved the right not to apply Article 8 insofar as existing measures were incompatible with it.
Norway reserves the right to strike so as to allow for compulsory arbitration of some labour disputes.
Pakistan has a general reservation to interpret the Covenant within the framework of its constitution.
Thailand interprets the right to self-determination within the framework of other international law.
Trinidad and Tobago reserves the right to restrict the right to strike of those engaged in essential occupations.
Turkey will implement the Covenant subject to the UN Charter. It also reserves the right to interpret and implement the right of parents to choose and establish educational institutions in a manner compatible with its constitution.
United Kingdom views the Covenant as subservient to the UN Charter. It made several reservations regarding its overseas territories.
United States – Amnesty International writes that "The United States signed the Covenant in 1979 under the Carter administration but is not fully bound by it until it is ratified. For political reasons, the Carter administration did not push for the necessary review of the Covenant by the Senate, which must give its 'advice and consent' before the US can ratify a treaty. The Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations took the view that economic, social, and cultural rights were not really rights but merely desirable social goals and therefore should not be the object of binding treaties. The Clinton Administration did not deny the nature of these rights but did not find it politically expedient to engage in a battle with Congress over the Covenant. The George W. Bush administration followed in line with the view of the previous Bush administration." The Obama Administration stated "The Administration does not seek action at this time" on the Covenant. The Heritage Foundation, a critical conservative think tank, argues that signing it would obligate the introduction of policies that it opposes such as universal health care.

Optional Protocol

The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is a side-agreement to the Covenant which allows its parties to recognise the competence of the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights to consider complaints from individuals.
The Optional Protocol was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 December 2008. It was opened for signature on 24 September 2009, and as of January 2020 has been signed by 45 parties and ratified by 24. Having passed the threshold of required ratifications, it has entered into force on 5 May 2013.

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is a body of human rights experts tasked with monitoring the implementation of the Covenant. It consists of 18 independent human rights experts, elected for four-year terms, with half the members elected every two years.
Unlike other human rights monitoring bodies, the Committee was not established by the treaty it oversees. Rather, it was established by the Economic and Social Council following the failure of two previous monitoring bodies.
All states parties are required to submit regular reports to the Committee outlining the legislative, judicial, policy and other measures they have taken to implement the rights affirmed in the Covenant. The first report is due within two years of ratifying the Covenant; thereafter reports are due every five years. The Committee examines each report and addresses its concerns and recommendations to the State party in the form of "concluding observations".
The Committee typically meets every May and November in Geneva.

Parties to the covenant

The following are parties to the covenant:
StateDate signedDate ratified, acceded or succeededNotes
Afghanistan24 January 1983
Albania4 October 1991
Algeria10 December 196812 September 1989
Angola10 January 1992
Antigua and Barbuda3 July 2019
Argentina19 February 19688 August 1986
Armenia13 September 1993
Australia18 December 197210 December 1975
Austria10 December 197310 September 1978
Azerbaijan13 August 1992
Bahamas4 December 200823 December 2008
Bahrain27 September 2007
Bangladesh5 October 1998
Barbados5 January 1973
Belarus19 March 196812 November 1973Signed and ratified as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Belgium10 December 196821 April 1983
Belize6 September 20009 March 2015
Benin12 March 1992
Plurinational State of Bolivia12 August 1982
Bosnia and Herzegovina1 September 1993The former Yugoslavia had signed the Covenant on 8 August 1967 and ratified it on 2 June 1971.
Brazil24 January 1992
Bulgaria8 October 196821 September 1970
Burkina Faso4 January 1999
Burundi9 May 1990
Cambodia17 October 198026 May 1992Democratic Kampuchea had signed the Covenant on 17 October 1980
Cameroon27 June 1984
Canada19 May 1976
Cape Verde6 August 1993
Central African Republic8 May 1981
Chad9 June 1995
Chile16 September 196910 February 1972
China27 October 199727 March 2001The Republic of China had signed on 5 October 1967
Colombia21 December 196629 October 1969
Comoros25 September 2008
Congo5 October 1983
Costa Rica19 December 196629 November 1968
Côte d'Ivoire26 March 1992
Croatia12 October 1992The former Yugoslavia had signed the Covenant on 8 August 1967 and ratified it on 2 June 1971.
Cuba28 February 2008
Cyprus9 January 19672 April 1969
Czech Republic22 February 1993Czechoslovakia had signed the Covenant on 7 October 1968 and ratified it on 23 December 1975.
Democratic People's Republic of Korea14 September 1981
Democratic Republic of the Congo1 November 1976
Denmark20 March 19686 January 1972
Djibouti5 November 2002
Dominica17 June 1993
Dominican Republic4 January 1978
Ecuador29 September 19676 March 1969
Egypt4 August 196714 January 1982
El Salvador21 September 196730 November 1979
Equatorial Guinea25 September 1987
Eritrea17 April 2001
Estonia21 October 1991
Ethiopia11 June 1993
Finland11 October 196719 August 1975
Fiji16 August 2018
France4 November 1980
Gabon21 January 1983
Gambia29 December 1978
Georgia3 May 1994
Germany9 October 196817 December 1973The German Democratic Republic had signed and ratified the Convention with reservations on 27 March 1973 and 8 November 1973
Ghana7 September 20007 September 2000
Greece16 May 1985
Grenada6 September 1991
Guatemala19 May 1988
Guinea28 February 196724 January 1978
Guinea-Bissau2 July 1992
Guyana22 August 196815 February 1977
Haiti8 October 2013
Honduras19 December 196617 February 1981
Hungary25 March 196917 January 1974
Iceland30 December 196822 August 1979
India10 April 1979
Indonesia23 February 2006
Iran 4 April 196824 June 1975
Iraq18 February 196925 January 1971
Ireland1 October 19738 December 1989
Israel19 December 19663 October 1991
Italy18 January 196715 September 1978
Jamaica19 December 19663 October 1975
Japan30 May 197821 June 1979
Jordan30 June 197228 May 1975
Kazakhstan2 December 200324 January 2006
Kenya1 May 1972
Kuwait21 May 1996
Kyrgyzstan7 October 1994
Lao People's Democratic Republic7 December 200013 February 2007
Latvia14 April 1992
Lebanon3 November 1972
Lesotho9 September 1992
Liberia18 April 196722 September 2004
Libya15 May 1970
Liechtenstein10 December 1998
Lithuania20 November 1991
Luxembourg26 November 197418 August 1983
Madagascar14 April 197022 September 1971
Malawi22 December 1993
Maldives19 September 2006
Mali16 July 1974
Malta22 October 196813 September 1990
Marshall Islands12 March 2018
Mauritania17 November 2004
Mauritius12 December 1973
Mexico23 March 1981
Monaco26 June 199728 August 1997
Mongolia5 June 196818 November 1974
Montenegro23 October 2006
Morocco19 January 19773 May 1979
Myanmar16 July 20156 October 2017
Namibia28 November 1994
Nepal14 May 1991
Netherlands25 June 196911 December 1978
New Zealand12 November 196828 December 1978
Nicaragua12 March 1980
Niger7 March 1986
Nigeria29 July 1993
Norway20 March 196813 September 1972
Pakistan3 November 200417 April 2008
Palau20 September 2011
State of Palestine2 April 2014
Panama27 July 19768 March 1977
Papua New Guinea21 July 2008
Paraguay10 June 1992
Peru11 August 197728 April 1978
Philippines19 December 19667 June 1974
Poland2 March 196718 March 1977
Portugal7 October 197631 July 1978
Qatar21 May 2018
Republic of Korea10 April 1990
Republic of Moldova26 January 1993
Romania27 June 19689 December 1974
Russian Federation18 March 196816 October 1973Signed and ratified as the Soviet Union.
Rwanda16 April 1975
San Marino18 October 1985
Sao Tome and Principe31 October 199510 January 2017
Senegal6 July 197013 February 1978
Serbia12 March 2001The former Yugoslavia had signed the Covenant on 8 August 1967 and ratified it on 2 June 1971. The 2001 declaration of succession was made by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Seychelles5 May 1992
Sierra Leone23 August 1996
Slovakia28 May 1993Czechoslovakia had signed the Covenant on 7 October 1968 and ratified it on 23 December 1975.
Slovenia6 July 1992The former Yugoslavia had signed the Covenant on 8 August 1967 and ratified it on 2 June 1971.
Solomon Islands17 March 1982
Somalia24 January 1990
South Africa3 October 199412 January 2015
Spain28 September 197627 April 1977
Sri Lanka11 June 1980
St. Vincent and the Grenadines9 November 1981
Sudan18 March 1986
Suriname28 December 1976
Swaziland26 March 2004
Sweden29 September 19676 December 1971
Switzerland18 June 1992
Syrian Arab Republic21 April 1969
Tajikistan4 January 1999
Thailand5 September 1999
The Republic of Macedonia18 January 1994The former Yugoslavia had signed the Covenant on 8 August 1967 and ratified it on 2 June 1971.
Timor-Leste16 April 2003
Togo24 May 1984
Trinidad and Tobago8 December 1978
Tunisia30 April 196818 March 1969
Turkey15 August 200023 September 2003
Turkmenistan1 May 1997
Uganda21 January 1987
Ukraine20 March 196812 November 1973Signed and ratified as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland16 September 196820 May 1976
United Republic of Tanzania11 June 1976
United States of America5 October 1977
Uruguay21 February 19671 April 1970
Uzbekistan28 September 1995
Venezuela 24 June 196910 May 1978
Viet Nam24 September 1982
Yemen9 February 1987Effected as Yemen Arab Republic
Zambia10 April 1984
Zimbabwe13 May 1991

States not members of the Covenant

Signed but not ratified

Neither signed nor ratified

  1. Andorra
  2. Botswana
  3. Bhutan
  4. Brunei
  5. Kiribati
  6. Malaysia
  7. Federated States of Micronesia
  8. Mozambique
  9. Nauru
  10. Oman
  11. Saint Kitts and Nevis
  12. Samoa
  13. Saudi Arabia
  14. Singapore
  15. St. Lucia
  16. South Sudan
  17. Tonga
  18. Tuvalu
  19. United Arab Emirates
  20. Vanuatu

    Non-members of the UN

  21. Cook Islands
  22. Niue
  23. Taiwan
  24. Vatican City