Forced marriage
Forced marriage is a marriage in which one or more of the parties is married without their consent or against their will. A marriage can also become a forced marriage even if both parties enter with full consent if one or both are later forced to stay in the marriage against their will. A forced marriage differs from an arranged marriage, in which both parties presumably consent to the assistance of their parents or a third party such as a matchmaker in finding and choosing a spouse. There is often a continuum of coercion used to compel a marriage, ranging from outright physical violence to subtle psychological pressure. Though now widely condemned by international opinion, forced marriages still take place in various cultures across the world, particularly in parts of South Asia and Africa. Some scholars object to use of the term "forced marriage" because it invokes the consensual legitimating language of marriage for an experience that is precisely the opposite. A variety of alternative terms have been proposed, including "forced conjugal association" and "conjugal slavery".
The United Nations views forced marriage as a form of human rights abuse, since it violates the principle of the freedom and autonomy of individuals. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that a person's right to choose a spouse and enter freely into marriage is central to his/her life and dignity, and his/her equality as a human being. The Roman Catholic Church deems forced marriage grounds for granting an annulment—for a marriage to be valid both parties must give their consent freely. The Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery also prohibits marriage without right to refuse of herself out of her parents', family's and other persons' will and requires the minimum age for marriage to prevent this.
In 2009, the Special Court for Sierra Leone's Appeals Chamber found the abduction and confinement of women for "forced marriage" in war to be a new crime against humanity. The SCSL Trial Chamber in the Charles Taylor decision found that the term 'forced marriage' should be avoided and rather described the practice in war as 'conjugal slavery'.
In 2013, the first United Nations Human Rights Council resolution against child, early, and forced marriages was adopted; the resolution recognizes child, early, and forced marriage as involving violations of human rights which "prevents individuals from living their lives free from all forms of violence and that has adverse consequences on the enjoyment of human rights, such as the right to education, the right to the highest attainable standard of health including sexual and reproductive health", and also states that "the elimination of child, early and forced marriage should be considered in the discussion of the post-2015 development agenda."
Historical context
s were very common throughout the world until the 18th century. Typically, marriages were arranged by parents, grandparents or other relatives. The actual practices varied by culture, but usually involved the legal transfer of dependency of the woman from her father to the groom. The movement towards emancipation of women in the 19th and 20th centuries led to major changes to marriage laws, especially in regard to property and economic status. By the mid-20th century, many Western countries had enacted legislation establishing legal equality between spouses in family law. The period of 1975–1979 saw a major overhaul of family laws in countries such as Italy,Spain, Austria, West Germany, and Portugal. In 1978, the Council of Europe passed the Resolution 37 on equality of spouses in civil law. Among the last European countries to establish full gender equality in marriage were Switzerland, Greece, Spain, the Netherlands, and France in the 1980s.
An arranged marriage is not the same as a forced marriage: in the former, the spouse has the possibility to reject the offer; in the latter, they do not. The line between arranged and forced marriage is however often difficult to draw, due to the implied familial and social pressure to accept the marriage and obey one's parents in all respects. The rejection of an offer to marry was sometimes seen as a humiliation of the prospective groom and his family.
In Europe, during the late 18th century and early 19th century, the literary and intellectual movement of romanticism presented new and progressive ideas about love marriage, which started to gain acceptance in society. In the 19th century, marriage practices varied across Europe, but in general, arranged marriages were more common among the upper class. Arranged marriages were the norm in Russia before early 20th century, most of which were endogamous. Child marriages were common historically, but began to be questioned in the 19th and 20th century. Child marriages are often considered to be forced marriages, because children are not able to make a fully informed choice whether or not to marry, and are often influenced by their families.
In Western countries, during the past decades, the nature of marriage—especially with regard to the importance of marital procreation and the ease of divorce—has changed dramatically, which has led to less social and familial pressure to get married, providing more freedom of choice in regard to choosing a spouse.
Historically, forced marriage was also used to require a captive to integrate with the host community, and accept their fate. One example is the English blacksmith John R. Jewitt, who spent three years as a captive of the Nootka people on the Pacific Northwest Coast in 1802–1805. He was ordered to marry, because the council of chiefs thought that a wife and family would reconcile him to staying with his captors for life. Jewitt was given a choice between forced marriage for himself and capital punishment for both him and his "father". "Reduced to this sad extremity, with death on the one side, and matrimony on the other, I thought proper to choose what appeared to me the least of the two evils".
Forced marriage was also practiced by authoritarian governments as a way to meet population targets. The Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia systematically forced people into marriages, in order to increase the population and continue the revolution.
These marriage ceremonies consisted of no fewer than three couples and could be as large as 160 couples. Generally, the village chief or a senior leader of the community would approach both parties and inform them that they were to be married and the time and place the marriage would occur. Often, the marriage ceremony would be the first time the future spouses would meet. Parents and other family members were not allowed to participate in selecting the spouse or to attend the marriage ceremony. The Khmer Rouge maintained that parental authority was unnecessary because it "w to be everyone's 'mother and father.'"
Raptio is a Latin term referring to the large scale abduction of women, either for marriage or enslavement. The practice is surmised to have been common since anthropological antiquity.
In the 21st century, forced marriages have come to attention in European countries, within the context of immigration from cultures in which they are common. The Istanbul Convention prohibits forced marriages.
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
The 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery defines "institutions and practices similar to slavery" to include:c) Any institution or practice whereby:
- A woman, without the right to refuse, is promised or given in marriage on payment of a consideration in money or in kind to her parents, guardian, family or any other person or group; or
- The husband of a woman, his family, or his clan, has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise; or
- A woman on the death of her husband is liable to be inherited by another person;
Istanbul Convention
Article 32 – Civil consequences of forced marriages
Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that marriages concluded under force may be voidable, annulled or dissolved without undue financial or administrative burden placed on the victim.
Article 37 – Forced marriage
- Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that the intentional conduct of forcing an adult or a child to enter into a marriage is criminalised.
- Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that the intentional conduct of luring an adult or a child to the territory of a Party or State other than the one she or he resides in with the purpose of forcing this adult or child to enter into a marriage is criminalised.
Causes
Consequences
For victims and society
Early and forced marriages can contribute to girls being placed in a cycle of poverty and powerlessness. Most are likely to experience mistreatment such as violence, abuse and forced sexual relations. This means that women who marry younger in age are more likely to be dominated by their husbands. They also experience poor sexual and reproductive health. Young married girls are more likely to contract HIV and their health could be in jeopardy. Most people who are forced into a marriage lack education and are often illiterate. Young ones tend to drop out of school shortly before they get married.Legislative consequences
Depending by jurisdiction, a forced marriage may or may not be void or voidable. Victims may be able to seek redress through annulment or divorce. In England and Wales, the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 stipulates that a forced marriage is voidable. In some jurisdictions, people who had coerced the victim into marriage may face criminal charges.Violence
Forced marriages are often related to violence, both in regard to violence perpetrated inside the marriage, and in regard to violence inflicted in order to force an unwilling participant to accept the marriage, or to punish a refusal.Relation to dowry and bride price
The traditional customs of dowry and bride price contribute to the practice of forced marriage. A dowry is the property or money that a wife brings to her husband upon marriage. A bride price is an amount of money or property or wealth paid by the groom to the parents of the bride upon marriage.Marriage by abduction
Marriage by abduction, also known as bride kidnapping, is a practice in which a man abducts the woman he wishes to marry. Marriage by abduction has been practiced throughout history around the world and continues to occur in some countries today, particularly in Central Asia, the Caucasus and parts of Africa. A girl or a woman is kidnapped by the groom-to-be, who is often helped by his friends. The victim is often raped by the groom-to-be, for her to lose her virginity, so that the man is able to negotiate a bride price with the village elders to legitimize the marriage. The future bride then has no choice in most circumstances, but to accept: if the bride goes back to her family, she will often be ostracized by the community because the community thinks she has lost her virginity, and she is now 'impure'. A different form of marital kidnapping, groom kidnapping, occurs in some areas where payment of a dowry is generally expected.As a way of solving disputes
A forced marriage is also often the result of a dispute between families, where the dispute is 'resolved' by giving a female from one family to the other. Vani is a cultural custom found in parts of Pakistan wherein a young girl is forcibly married as part of the punishment for a crime committed by her male relatives. Vani is a form of forced child marriage, and the result of punishment decided by a council of tribal elders named jirga.Widow inheritance
Widow inheritance, also known as bride inheritance, is a cultural and social practice whereby a widow is required to marry a kinsman of her late husband, often his brother. It is prevalent in certain parts of Africa. The practice of wife inheritance has also been blamed for the spread of HIV/AIDS.In armed conflict
In conflict areas, women and girls are sometimes forced to marry men on either side of the conflict. This practice has taken place recently in countries such as Syria, Sierra Leone, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Historically, this was common throughout the world, with women from the communities of the war enemy being considered "spoils of war", who could be kidnapped, raped and forced into marriage or sexual slavery. Because women were regarded as property, it seemed reasonable to see them as the chattel of the war enemy, which could now be appropriated and used by the winner.Forced marriage by partner
Forced marriage can occur in the situation where in an unmarried couple, one partner forces the other partner to enter the marriage.Escaping a forced marriage
Ending a forced marriage may be extremely difficult in many parts of the world. For instance, in parts of Africa, one of the main obstacles for leaving the marriage is the bride price. Once the bride price has been paid, the girl is seen as belonging to the husband and his family. If she wants to leave, the husband may demand back the bride price that he had paid to the girl's family. The girl's family often cannot or does not want to pay it back.UK citizens escaping forced marriage abroad are forced to pay their repatriation costs or get into debt. This makes escaping a forced marriage harder.
In the United States, Unchained At Last is the only nonprofit organization operating to help people in the U.S. escape forced or arranged marriages by providing free legal and social services.
Sharia law
Abu Hurairah reported Muhammad as saying "A woman who has been previously married should not be married until her permission is asked nor should a virgin be married without her permission." They asked "What is her permission, Apostle of Allaah?" He replied "it is by her keeping silence" .It appears that the permission of an under-age bride is indeed necessary for her marriage to be considered valid. The above narrations seem to clearly make the approval of the bride a condition for a valid marriage contract.
The contract of an Islamic marriage is concluded between the guardian of the bride and bridegroom, not between bridegroom and bride but her permission is still necessary. The guardian of the bride can only be a free Muslim.
Shotgun wedding
A shotgun wedding is a form of forced marriage occasioned by an unplanned pregnancy. Some religions and cultures consider it a moral imperative to marry in such a situation, based on reasoning that premarital sex or out-of-wedlock births are sinful, not sanctioned by law, or otherwise stigmatized. Giving birth outside marriage can, in some cultures, trigger extreme reactions from the family or community, including honor killings.The term "shotgun wedding" is an American colloquialism, though it is also used in other parts of the world. It is based on a hyperbolic scenario in which the pregnant female's father resorts to coercion to ensure that the male partner who caused the pregnancy goes through with it, sometimes even following the man to the altar to prevent his escape. The use of violent coercion to marry was never legal in the United States, although many anecdotal stories and folk songs record instances of such intimidation in the 18th and 19th centuries. Purposes of the wedding include recourse from the male for the act of impregnation and to ensure that the child is raised by both parents as well as to ensure that the woman has material means of support. In some cases, a major objective was the restoring of social honor to the mother.
Shotgun weddings have become less common as the stigma associated with out-of-wedlock births has gradually faded and the number of such births has increased; the increasing availability of birth control and abortion, as well as material support to unwed mothers, such as Elterngeld, child benefits, parental leave, and free kindergartens have reduced the perceived need for such measures.
By country
Africa
Madagascar
Forced marriage is prevalent in Madagascar. Girls are married off by their families, and often led to believe that if they refuse the marriage they will be "cursed". In some cases, the husband is much older than his bride, and when she becomes a widow, she is discriminated and excluded by society.Malawi
According to Human Rights Watch, Malawi has "widespread child and forced marriage" and half of the girls marry before 18. The practice of bride price, known also as lobolo, is common in Malawi, and plays a major role in forced marriage. Wife inheritance is also practiced in Malawi. After marriage, wives have very limited rights and freedoms; and general preparation of young girls for marriage consists in describing their role as that of being subordinated to the husband.Mauritania
Forced marriage in Mauritania takes three principal forms: forced marriage to a cousin ; forced marriage to a rich man for the purpose of financial gain; and forced polygamous marriage to an influential man.Morocco
In 2018 a law went into effect known as the Hakkaoui law because Bassima Hakkaoui drafted it; among other things it includes a ban on forced marriage. But it was criticized for requiring victims to file for criminal prosecution to get protection.Niger
Forced marriage is common in Niger. Niger has the highest prevalence of child marriage in the world; and also the highest total fertility rate. Girls who attempt to leave forced marriages are most often rejected by their families and are often forced to enter prostitution in order to survive. Due to the food crisis, girls are being sold into marriage.Balkissa Chaibou is known as one of the most famous activists against forced marriage in Niger. Chaibou was 12 when she was informed by her own mother that she was to be married to her cousin, and when she was 16, she took to the courts. With little success, Chaibou was forced to a women's shelter before she was finally able to go home where she learned of her parents changed views on forced marriage, that they were now against it.
South Africa
In South Africa, ukuthwala is the practice of abducting young girls and forcing them into marriage, often with the consent of their parents. The practice occurs mainly in rural parts of South Africa, in particular the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. The girls who are involved in this practice are frequently under-aged, including some as young as eight. The practice received negative publicity, with media reporting in 2009 that more than 20 Eastern Cape girls are forced to drop out of school every month because of ukuthwala.Tanzania
In Tanzania, the practices of forced marriage and child marriage impacts the human rights and childhood of girls. Families sell their girls to older men for financial benefits, causing pain among young girls. Oftentimes, girls are married off as soon as they hit puberty, which can be as young as seven years old. To the older men, these young brides act as symbols of masculinity and accomplishment. Child brides endure forced sex, causing health risks and growth impediments. Primary education is usually not completed for young girls in forced marriages. Married and pregnant students are often discriminated against, and expelled and excluded from school. The Law of Marriage Act currently does not address issues with guardianship and child marriage. The issue of child marriage establishes a minimum age of 18 for the boys of Tanzania. A minimum age needs to be enforced for girls to stop these practices and provide them with equal rights and a less harmful life.The Gambia
In 2016, during a feast ending the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, the Gambian President Yahya Jammeh announced that child and forced marriages were banned.Asia
Compensation marriage
Compensation marriage, known variously as vani, swara and sang chatti, is the traditional practice of forced marriage of women and young girls to resolve tribal feuds in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The practice is illegal in Pakistan, though it continues to be widely practiced in Pakistan's Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province. In Afghanistan, the practice is known as baad.Afghanistan
Forced marriage is very common in Afghanistan, and sometimes women resort to suicide to escape these marriages. A report by Human Rights Watch found that about 95% of girls and 50% of adult women imprisoned in Afghanistan were in jail on charges of the "moral crimes" of "running away" from home or zina. Obtaining a divorce without the consent of the husband is nearly impossible in Afghanistan, and women attempting a de facto separation risk being imprisoned for "running away". While it is not socially acceptable for women and girls to leave home without permission, "running away" is not defined as a criminal offense in the Afghan Penal Code. However, in 2010 and 2011, the Afghan Supreme Court issued instructions to courts to charge women with "running away" as a crime. This makes it nearly impossible for women to escape forced marriages. The Human Rights Watch report stated thatIran
Forced marriage remains common for Kurdish girls in Iran and is also one of the major reasons for self-immolation in Iran. UNICEF's 1998 report found extremely high rates of forced marriage, including at an early age, in Kordestan in Iran, although it noted that the practice appeared to be declining. Kurdish cultural norms which facilitate the practice of forced and child marriage perpetuate the fear of violence amongst Kurdish girls in Iran.Nepal
As in other parts of South Asia, girls in Nepal are often seen as an economic burden to the family, due to dowry. Parents often compel young girls to marry, because older and more educated men can demand a higher dowry. In 2009, the Nepalese government decided to offer a cash incentive to men for marrying widowed women. Because widows often lose social status in Nepalese society, this policy was meant to 'solve' their problems. However, many widows and human rights groups protested these regulations, denouncing them as humiliating and as encouraging coerced marriages.Sri Lanka
During the Sri Lankan Civil War, a 2004 report in the journal Reproductive Health Matters found that forced marriage in Sri Lanka was taking place in the context of the armed conflict, where parents forced teenage girls into marriage in order to ensure that they do not lose their chastity before marriage, which would compromise their chances of finding a husband.Europe
Germany
In 2011 the family ministry of Germany found that 3000 people were in forced marriages, nearly all from migrant families and most from Muslim families by querying help bureaus. These figures exceeded the estimates of help organisation Terre des Femmes, which up until then had estimated that about 1000 migrant women sought help annually. More than half of the women had experienced physical abuse and 27% were threatened with weapons or received death threats. Of the victims, 30% were 17 years old or younger. 31.8% were from Germany, 26.4% from Asia, 22.2% from Turkey and 5.6% from Africa. In 2016 the German ministry of the interior found that 1475 children were in forced marriages. Of those 1474, 1100 were girls, 664 were from Syria, 157 were Afghans and 100 were Iraqis.United Kingdom
Forced marriages can be made because of family pride, the wishes of the parents, or social obligation. For example, according to Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood, many forced marriages in Britain within the British Pakistani community are aimed at providing British citizenship to a member of the family currently in Pakistan to whom the instigator of the forced marriage feels a sense of duty. In response to the problem of forced marriages among immigrants in the UK, the Forced Marriage Act 2007 was passed, which enables the victims of forced marriage to apply for court orders for their protection. Similar legislation was passed in Scotland: the Forced Marriage etc. Act 2011 gives courts the power to issue protection orders.In 2008, it was estimated that about 3000 forced marriages took place each year.
In June 2012 the British Government, under Prime Minister David Cameron, declared that forced marriage would become a criminal offence in the United Kingdom. In November 2013 it was reported that a case was brought before the High Court in Birmingham by local authority officials, involving a then 14-year-old girl who was taken to Pakistan, forced to marry a man ten years her senior and two weeks later forced to consummate the marriage with threats, resulting in pregnancy; the court case ended with Mr Justice Holman saying he was powerless to make a "declaration of non-recognition" of the forced marriage, since he was prevented by law from granting a declaration that her marriage was "at its inception, void". Mr Justice Holman said that the girl, now 17, would have to initiate proceedings herself to have the marriage nullified. British courts can also issue civil orders to prevent forced marriage, and since 2014 refusing to obey such an order is grounds for a prison sentence of up to five years.
The Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 makes forcing someone to marry a criminal offence. The law came into effect in June 2014 in England and Wales and in October 2014 in Scotland. In Northern Ireland, the Human Trafficking and Exploitation Act 2015 criminalises forced marriage.
In July 2014, the United Kingdom hosted its first global Girl Summit; the goal of the Summit was to increase efforts to end child marriage, early, and forced marriage and female genital mutilation within a generation.
The first conviction for forced marriage in the United Kingdom occurred in June 2015, with the convicted being a man from Cardiff, who was subsequently sentenced to 16 years in prison.
Of the cases recorded by the government's Force Marriage Unit, run jointly between the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Home Office, the majority involved South Asia communities, with 37% linked to Pakistan, 11% linked to Bangladesh and 7% linked to India. About 30% involved victims below the age of 18.
Sweden
In July 2014, forced marriages were criminalised to protect individuals who were forced to marry against their will. The maximum sentence is 4 years. No court has given the maximum sentence as of January 2019.Schools in Skåne in the southern part of Sweden report that they discover that about 25 youth are forced to marry annually due them being part of a shame society. An investigation by government organisation Ungdomsstyrelsen reported that 70,000 youth perceived they were unfree in their choice of spouse.
In July 2016 an Afghani man in Sweden was sentenced to 4 years in prison for forcing his daughter to marry someone in Afghanistan in the first Swedish conviction. He was also convicted for sexually molesting her Swedish boyfriend, assault, threats, robbery, blackmailing and false imprisonment.
In January 2019 convicted the maternal uncle and aunt of a 16-year-old girl of an Iraqi family were sentenced to 21 months in jail and to pay 12500 euro in damages for forced marriage. In December 2016 her family discovered that the girl was dating a boy and the family decided to marry her off to a cousin without her knowledge. Under the false pretense that her grandmother was mortally ill, the girl, her mother, aunt and uncle travelled to Iraq where all but the girl had return tickets. In Iraq the grandmother proved to be in good health and the girl was to marry her cousin. Despite having no contacts in Iraq and the mobile phone had been taken from her, she managed to return to Sweden eight months later.
Other
Although forced marriage in Europe is most often associated with the immigrant population, it is also present among some local populations, especially among the Roma communities in Eastern Europe.The UK Forced marriage consultation, published in 2011, found forcing someone to marry to be a distinct criminal offence in Austria, Belgium, Turkey, Denmark, Norway and Germany. In 2014 it became a distinct criminal offence in England and Wales.
The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence defines and criminalizes forced marriage, as well as other forms of violence against women. The Convention came into force on 1 August 2014.
In November 2014 UCL held an event, Forced Marriage: The Real Disgrace, where the award-winning documentary Honor Diaries was shown, and a panel including Jasvinder Sanghera CBE, Seema Malhotra MP, and Dr Reefat Drabu discussed the concept of izzat, recent changes in UK law, barriers to tackling forced marriage, and reasons to be hopeful of positive change.
The Americas
Canada
Forced marriage may be practised among some immigrant communities in Canada. Until recently, forced marriage has not received very much attention in Canada. That lack of attention has protected the practice from legal intervention. In 2015, Parliament enacted two new criminal offences to address the issue. Forcing a person to marry against their will is now a criminal offence under the Criminal Code, as is assisting or aiding a child marriage, where one of the participants is under age 16. There has also been the long-standing offence of solemnizing an illegal marriage, which was also modified by the 2015 legislation.In addition to these criminal offences, the Civil Marriage Act stipulates: Marriage requires the free and enlightened consent of two persons to be the spouse of each other, as well as setting 16 as the minimum age for marriage.
United States
Estimates are that hundreds of Pakistani girls in New York have been flown out of the New York City area to Pakistan to undergo forced marriages; those who resist are threatened and coerced. The AHA Foundation commissioned a study by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice to research the incidence of forced marriage in New York City. The results of the study were equivocal. However, AHA Foundation for the past 11 years has operated a helpline that successfully referred numerous individuals seeking help in fleeing or avoiding a forced marriage to qualified service providers and law enforcement. According to the National Center for Victims of Crime Conference, there are "limited laws/policies directly addressing forced marriage", although more general non-specific laws may be used. The organization Unchained at Last, an organization in the United States, assists women escaping forced or arranged marriages with free legal services and other resources. It was founded by Fraidy Reiss.The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints has been suspected of trafficking underage women across state lines, as well as across the US–Canada and US–Mexico borders, for the purpose of sometimes involuntary plural marriage and sexual abuse. The FLDS is suspected by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police of having trafficked more than 30 under-age girls from Canada to the United States between the late 1990s and 2006 to be entered into polygamous marriages. RCMP spokesman Dan Moskaluk said of the FLDS's activities: "In essence, it's human trafficking in connection with illicit sexual activity." According to the Vancouver Sun, it's unclear whether or not Canada's anti-human trafficking statute can be effectively applied against the FLDS's pre-2005 activities, because the statute may not be able to be applied retroactively. An earlier three-year-long investigation by local authorities in British Columbia into allegations of sexual abuse, human trafficking, and forced marriages by the FLDS resulted in no charges, but did result in legislative change.
Statistics
Child marriage :| Country | Married by 15 | Married by 18 | Source |
| Afghanistan | – | 33% | Living Conditions Survey 2013-2013 |
| Albania | 0% | 10% | DHS 2008–2009 |
| Algeria | 0% | 3% | MICS 2012–2013 |
| Armenia | 0% | 7% | DHS 2010 |
| Azerbaijan | 2% | 11% | DHS 2011 |
| Bangladesh | 18% | 52% | MICS 2012–2013 |
| Barbados | 1% | 11% | MICS 2012 |
| Belarus | 0% | 3% | MICS 2012 |
| Belize | 3% | 26% | MICS 2011 |
| Benin | 11% | 32% | DHS 2011–2012 |
| Bhutan | 6% | 26% | MICS 2010 |
| Bolivia | 3% | 22% | DHS 2008 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0% | 4% | MICS 2011–2012 |
| Brazil | 11% | 36% | PNDS 2006 |
| Burkina Faso | 10% | 52% | DHS 2010 |
| Burundi | 3% | 20% | DHS 2010 |
| Cabo Verde | 3% | 18% | DHS 2005 |
| Cambodia | 2% | 19% | DHS 2014 |
| Cameroon | 13% | 38% | DHS 2011 |
| Central African Republic | 29% | 68% | MICS 2010 |
| Chad | 29% | 68% | MICS 2010 |
| Colombia | 6% | 23% | DHS 2010 |
| Comoros | 10% | 32% | DHS 2012 |
| Congo | 6% | 33% | DHS 2011–2012 |
| Costa Rica | 7% | 21% | MICS 2011 |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 10% | 33% | DHS 2011–2012 |
| Cuba | 5% | 26% | MICS 2014 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 10% | 37% | DHS 2013–2014 |
| Djibouti | 2% | 5% | MICS 2006 |
| Dominican Republic | 10% | 37% | DHS 2013 |
| Ecuador | 4% | 22% | ENDEMAIN 2004 |
| Egypt | 2% | 17% | DHS 2014 |
| El Salvador | 5% | 25% | FESAL 2008 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 9% | 30% | DHS 2011 |
| Eritrea | 13% | 41% | Population and Health Survey 2010 |
| Ethiopia | 16% | 41% | DHS 2011 |
| Gabon | 6% | 22% | DHS 2012 |
| Gambia | 9% | 30% | DHS 2013 |
| Georgia | 1% | 14% | RHS 2010 |
| Ghana | 5% | 21% | DHS 2014 |
| Guatemala | 7% | 30% | ENSMI 2008/2009 |
| Guinea | 21% | 52% | DHS 2012 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 7% | 22% | MICS 2010 |
| Guyana | 6% | 23% | DHS 2009 |
| Haiti | 3% | 18% | DHS 2012 |
| Honduras | 8% | 34% | DHS 2011–2012 |
| India | 18% | 47% | NFHS 2005–2006 |
| Indonesia | – | 14% | National Socio-Economic Survey 2013 |
| Iran | 3% | 17% | MIDHS 2010 |
| Iraq | 5% | 24% | MICS 2011 |
| Jamaica | 1% | 8% | MICS 2011 |
| Jordan | 0% | 8% | DHS 2012 |
| Kazakhstan | 0% | 6% | MICS 2010–2011 |
| Kenya | 4% | 23% | DHS 2014 |
| Kiribati | 3% | 20% | DHS 2009 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 1% | 12% | MICS 2014 |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic | 9% | 35% | MICS 2011–2012 |
| Lebanon | 1% | 6% | MICS 2009 |
| Lesotho | 2% | 19% | DHS 2009 |
| Liberia | 9% | 36% | DHS 2013 |
| Macedonia | 1% | 7% | MICS 2011 |
| Madagascar | 12% | 41% | ENSOMD 2012–2013 |
| Malawi | 9% | 46% | MICS 2013–2014 |
| Maldives | 0% | 4% | DHS 2009 |
| Mali | 15% | 55% | MICS 2010 |
| Marshall Islands | 6% | 26% | DHS 2007 |
| Mauritania | 14% | 34% | MICS 2011 |
| Mexico | 5% | 23% | ENADID 2009 |
| Mongolia | 0% | 5% | MICS 2010 |
| Montenegro | 1% | 5% | MICS 2013 |
| Morocco | 3% | 16% | DHS 2003–2004 |
| Mozambique | 14% | 48% | DHS 2011 |
| Namibia | 2% | 7% | DHS 2013 |
| Nauru | 2% | 27% | DHS 2007 |
| Nepal | 10% | 37% | MICS 2014 |
| Nicaragua | 10% | 41% | ENDESA 2006 |
| Niger | 28% | 76% | DHS 2012 |
| Nigeria | 17% | 43% | DHS 2013 |
| Pakistan | 3% | 21% | DHS 2012–2013 |
| Panama | 7% | 26% | MICS 2013 KFR |
| Papua New Guinea | 2% | 21% | DHS 2006 |
| Paraguay | – | 18% | RHS 2004 |
| Peru | 3% | 19% | Continuous DHS 2014 |
| Philippines | 2% | 15% | DHS 2013 |
| Qatar | 0% | 4% | MICS 2012 |
| Republic of Moldova | 0% | 12% | MICS 2012 |
| Rwanda | 1% | 8% | DHS 2010 |
| Saint Lucia | 1% | 8% | MICS 2012 |
| Samoa | 1% | 11% | DHS 2014 |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | 5% | 34% | DHS 2008–2009 |
| Senegal | 9% | 32% | Continuous DHS 2014 |
| Serbia | 0% | 3% | MICS 2014 |
| Sierra Leone | 13% | 39% | DHS 2013 |
| Solomon Islands | 3% | 22% | DHS 2007 |
| Somalia | 8% | 45% | MICS 2006 |
| South Africa | 1% | 6% | DHS 2003 |
| South Sudan | 9% | 52% | SHHS 2010 |
| Sri Lanka | 2% | 12% | DHS 2006–2007 |
| State of Palestine | 1% | 15% | MICS 2014 |
| Sudan | 7% | 33% | SHHS 2010 |
| Suriname | 5% | 19% | MICS 2010 |
| Swaziland | 1% | 7% | MICS 2010 |
| Syrian Arab Republic | 3% | 13% | MICS 2006 |
| Tajikistan | 0% | 12% | DHS 2012 |
| Thailand | 4% | 22% | MICS 2012 |
| Timor-Leste | 3% | 19% | DHS 2009 |
| Togo | 6% | 22% | DHS 2013–2014 |
| Tonga | 0% | 6% | DHS 2012 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 2% | 8% | MICS 2006 |
| Tunisia | 0% | 2% | MICS 2011–2012 |
| Turkey | 1% | 15% | DHS 2013 |
| Turkmenistan | 1% | 7% | MICS 2006 |
| Tuvalu | 0% | 10% | DHS 2007 |
| Uganda | 10% | 40% | DHS 2011 |
| Ukraine | 0% | 9% | MICS 2012 |
| United Republic of Tanzania | 7% | 37% | DHS 2010 |
| Uruguay | 1% | 25% | MICS 2013 |
| Uzbekistan | 0% | 7% | MICS 2006 |
| Vanuatu | 3% | 21% | DHS 2013 |
| Viet Nam | 1% | 11% | MICS 2014 |
| Yemen | 9% | 32% | DHS 2013 |
| Zambia | 6% | 31% | DHS 2013–2014 |
| Zimbabwe | 4% | 34% | MICS 2014 |
Summary:
| Region | Married by 15 | Married by 18 | Note |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 12% | 39% | |
| Eastern and Southern Africa | 10% | 36% | |
| West and Central Africa | 14% | 42% | |
| Middle East and North Africa | 3% | 18% | |
| East Asia and Pacific | – | 15% | Excluding China |
| Latin America and Caribbean | 5% | 23% | |
| CEE/CIS | 1% | 11% | |
| Least developed countries | 13% | 41% |