The territory is largely mountainous, with an intricate network of hills and valleys and a predominantly limestoneKarst topography. To the north-east, however, the rocks are mostly sandstone, and the land is lower. Irpinia is centred on the section of the Apennines which runs from the to the springs of the Sele River; the highest peak is Mount Avella. To the south are the Picentini Mountains, which include the highest peak of the region, Mount Terminio, and from which extends the Sorrentine peninsula. The region is bordered on the east by the Ofanto valley and the San Pietro lake, while to the north it merges with Sannio and Daunia.
History
The name "Irpinia" derives from the Oscan word "hirpus", which means wolf, and the wolf remains Irpinia's symbol to this day. Oscan tribes of the Sabines, under demographic pressure, migrated towards this area in the 6th century BC from what is now Umbria. The Hirpini occupied the region Sabato, Calore Irpino and Ofanto, becoming differentiated with time from the Samnites who settled the area from Molise and Matese. The main centres of the Hirpini were Malies or Maloenton, Aeclanum, Aequum Tuticum, Romulea , Compsa, Aquilonia, Aletrium, and Abellinum. No certain date for the arrival of the Hiripini in the region can be given. They were already settled here at the time of the First Samnite War. Their name is found in sources from 280 BC, when the Greek general Pyrrhus of Epirus made his expedition into Italy. A bronze medal reveals that they signed an alliance with the Samnites in 275 BC. Abellinum was conquered by the Romans in 252 BC. The Hirpini suffered internal divisions at the time of the Second Punic War. Caius Marius gave them Roman citizenship in 87 BC, but they were deprived of any privilege under the former's victor, Sulla. In 22 BC Hirpinia became an imperial colony under the name Livia, which received substantial immigration from the Eastern Roman provinces at the time of emperor Alexander Severus. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Irpinia came successively under Byzantine, Lombard, Hohenstaufen, Anjou, Aragonese and finally Spanish domination. As part of the Kingdom of Naples it was included in the Principato Ultra or Ulterior, the sole land-locked province of the kingdom. Feudalism was abolished in 1806, the same year in which Avellino was declared capital of the province. Irpinia became part of the newly unitedKingdom of Italy in 1861. The district has been subject to a number of strong earthquakes. On November 23, 1980, the 6.9 earthquake affected the area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X, killing 2,483–4,900, and injuring 7,700–8,934.
Traditional produce and tourist sites
Irpinia has a proud tradition of producing wines such as Fiano di Avellino, Greco di Tufo and Taurasi, all of which are classified as DOCG. Its cheeses, including scamorza and caciocavallo, have a high reputation. Irpinia's salami and sausages are popular, as are its chestnuts, its hazelnuts and the black truffles of Bagnoli Irpino. Tourist amenities are the ski resort Laceno, with a lake near Mount Terminio, and some villages. The most popular Irpinia's town is Ariano Irpino, which lies on the top of three steep hills and is provided with ancient sights, majolica shops and traditional restaurants. Other noteworthy centers are Mirabella Eclano, Gesualdo, Rocca San Felice and Calitri. Among the religious sanctuaries there are Montevergine, the Shrine of St. Gerard, the Sanctuary of Carpignano, and the Sanctuary of Valleluogo ; the latter is located near an ancient mill in a green valley, where in the Middle Age the Madonna showed up.
