Irrealis mood
In linguistics, irrealis moods are the main set of grammatical moods that indicate that a certain situation or action is not known to have happened at the moment the speaker is talking. This contrasts with the realis moods.
Every language has a formula for the unreal. Some languages incorporate several different forms of the irrealis moods, especially among Algonquian languages such as Blackfoot.
List of irrealis moods
| Mood | Event, as intended by speaker | Example | Found in |
| Subjunctive | Event is considered unlikely. | "If I loved you...", "May I love you" | Latin | German | Romance languages | Vedic Sanskrit | Proto-Indo-European | Hindi |
| Conditional | Event depends upon another condition. | "I would love you" | English | German | Romance languages | Icelandic | Irish | Hindi | Finnish |
| Optative | Event is hoped, expected, or awaited. | "May I be loved!" | Albanian | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Avestan | Proto-Indo-European |
| Jussive | Event is pleaded, implored or asked. | "Everyone should be loved" | Arabic | Hebrew | Esperanto |
| Potential | Event is probable or considered likely | "She probably loves me" | Finnish | Japanese | Sanskrit | Sami languages | Proto-Indo-European |
| Imperative and Prohibitive | Event is directly ordered or requested by the speaker. Prohibitive is the negation of an imperative statement, i.e., the speaker prohibits an event. | "Love me!", "Do not love me" | English | Seri | Latin | Portuguese | Finnish |
| Desiderative | Event is desired/wished by the speaker | "I wish she loved me." | Sanskrit | Japanese | Proto-Indo-European |
| Dubitative | Event is uncertain, doubtful, dubious. | "I think she loves me." | Ojibwe | Turkish |
| Hypothetical | Event is hypothetical, or it is counterfactual, but possible | "I might love you " | Russian | Lakota |
| Presumptive | Event is assumed, presupposed by the speaker | There is no exact English example, although it could be translated as: " if I loved you " | Romanian | Hindi |
| Permissive | Event is permitted by the speaker. | "You may love me..." | Lithuanian |
| Admirative | Event is surprising or amazing. | "Wow! She loves me!" | Turkish | Bulgarian | Macedonian | Albanian | Megleno-Romanian |
| Hortative | Event is exhorted, implored, insisted or encouraged by speaker. | "Let us love!" | Latin | Greek | Hindi |
| Eventive | Event is likely but depends upon a condition. It is a combination of the potential and the conditional moods. | "I would probably love you, if " | Finnish | Estonian, in some dialects |
| Precative | Event is requested by the speaker | "Will you love me?" | |
| Volitive | Event is desired, wished or feared by the speaker. | ||
| Inferential | Event is nonwitnessed, and not confirmed. | There is no exact English example, although it could be translated as: "She is said to love me" | Turkish | Bulgarian | Estonian |
| Necessitative | Event is necessary, or it is both desired and encouraged. It is a combination of hortative and jussive. | Armenian | Turkish | |
| Interrogative | Event is asked or questioned by the speaker | Does she love me? | Welsh | Nenets |
Moods
Subjunctive
The subjunctive mood, sometimes called conjunctive mood, has several uses in dependent clauses. Examples include discussing hypothetical or unlikely events, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests. A subjunctive mood exists in English, but it often is not obligatory. Example: "I suggested that Paul eat an apple", Paul is not in fact eating an apple. Contrast this with the sentence "Paul eats an apple", where the verb "to eat" is in the present tense, indicative mood. Another way, especially in British English, of expressing this might be "I suggested that Paul should eat an apple", derived from "Paul should eat an apple."Other uses of the subjunctive in English, as in "And if he be not able to bring a lamb, then he shall bring for his trespass...", have become archaic. Statements such as "I shall ensure that he leave immediately" often sound overly formal, and often have been supplanted by constructions with the indicative, such as "I'll make sure he leaves immediately".
The subjunctive mood figures prominently in the grammar of the Romance languages, which require this mood for certain types of dependent clauses. This point commonly causes difficulty for English speakers learning these languages.
In certain other languages, the dubitative or the conditional moods may be employed instead of the subjunctive in referring to doubtful or unlikely events.
Conditional
The conditional mood is used to speak of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition, particularly, but not exclusively, in conditional sentences. In Modern English, it is a periphrastic construction, with the form would + infinitive, e.g., I would buy. In other languages, such as Spanish or French, verbs have a specific conditional inflection. This applies also to some verbs in German, in which the conditional mood is conventionally called Konjunktiv II, differing from Konjunktiv I. Thus, the conditional version of "John eats if he is hungry" is:In the Romance languages, the conditional form is used primarily in the apodosis of conditional clauses, and in a few set phrases where it expresses courtesy or doubt. The main verb in the protasis is either in the subjunctive or in the indicative mood. However, this is not a universal trait: among others in German and in Finnish the conditional mood is used in both the apodosis and the protasis.
A further example of Finnish conditional is the sentence "I would buy a house if I earned a lot of money", where in Finnish both clauses have the conditional marker -isi-: Ostaisin talon, jos ansaitsisin paljon rahaa, just like in Hungarian, which uses the marker -na/-ne/-ná/-né: Vennék egy házat, ha sokat keresnék. In Polish the conditional marker -by also appears twice: Kupiłbym dom, gdybym zarabiał dużo pieniędzy. Because English is used as a lingua franca, a similar kind of doubling of the word would is a fairly common way to misuse an English language construction.
In French, while the standard language requires the indicative in the dependent clause, using the conditional mood in both clauses is frequent among uneducated speakers: Si j instead of Si j. However, this usage is heavily stigmatized. In the literary language, past unreal conditional sentences as above may take the pluperfect subjunctive in one clause or both, so that the following sentences are all valid and have the same meaning as the preceding example: Si j; Si j; Si j.
In English, too, the would + infinitive construct can be employed in main clauses, with a subjunctive sense: "If you would only tell me what is troubling you, I might be able to help".
Optative
The optative mood expresses hopes, wishes or commands. Other uses may overlap with the subjunctive mood. Few languages have an optative as a distinct mood; some that do are Albanian, Ancient Greek, Sanskrit, Finnish, Avestan.In Finnish, the mood may be called an "archaic" or "formal imperative", even if it has other uses; nevertheless, it at least expresses formality. For example, the ninth Article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights begins with Älköön ketään pidätettäkö mielivaltaisesti, "No one shall be arrested arbitrarily", where älköön pidätettäkö "shall not be arrested" is the imperative of ei pidätetä "is not arrested". Also, using the conditional mood -isi- in conjunction with the clitic -pa yields an optative meaning: olisinpa "if only I were". Here, it is evident that the wish has not been fulfilled and probably will not be.
In Sanskrit, the optative is formed by adding the secondary endings to the verb stem. The optative, as other moods, is found in active voice and middle voice. Examples: bhares "may you bear" and bharethaas "may you bear ". The optative may not only express wishes, requests and commands, but also possibilities, e.g., kadaacid goshabdena budhyeta "he might perhaps wake up due to the bellowing of cows", doubt and uncertainty, e.g., katham vidyaam Nalam "how would I be able to recognize Nala?" The optative may further be used instead of a conditional mood.
Jussive
The jussive mood expresses plea, insistence, imploring, self-encouragement, wish, desire, intent, command, purpose or consequence. In some languages, this is distinguished from the cohortative mood in that the cohortative occurs in the first person and the jussive in the second or third. It is found in Arabic, where it is called the مجزوم , and also in Hebrew and in the constructed language Esperanto. The rules governing the jussive in Arabic are somewhat complex.Potential
The potential mood is a mood of probability indicating that, in the opinion of the speaker, the action or occurrence is considered likely. It is used in many languages, including in Finnish, Japanese, and Sanskrit, and in the Sami languages.In Finnish, it is mostly a literary device, as it has virtually disappeared from daily spoken language in most dialects. Its suffix is -ne-, as in *men + ne + e → mennee " will probably go". Some kinds of consonant clusters simplify to geminates. This simplification occurs progressively with the resonant consonants l, r, and s, and regressively with stops and is meant to prevent the violation of phonotactical rules concerning sonority hierarchy. For example, korjata → *korjat + ne + t → korjannet "you will probably fix", or tulla → *tul + ne + e → tullee "s/he/it will probably come". The potential mood can be used only in present and perfect tenses. The verb ole- "be" is replaced by lie, so that " is probably" is lienee. Thus, in the perfect tense, which is formed with an auxiliary verb, the auxiliary verb lie is used instead of ole- as liene-, e.g., lienet korjannut "you have probably fixed". In spoken language, the word kai "probably" is used instead, e.g., se kai tulee "he probably comes", instead of hän tullee.
Imperative
The imperative mood expresses direct commands, requests, and prohibitions. In many circumstances, using the imperative mood may sound blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care. Example: "Paul, do your homework now". An imperative is used to tell someone to do something without argument.Many languages, including English, use the bare verb stem to form the imperative. Other languages, such as Seri and Latin, however, use special imperative forms.
In English, second person is implied by the imperative except when first-person plural is specified, as in "Let's go".
The prohibitive mood, the negative imperative may be grammatically or morphologically different from the imperative mood in some languages. It indicates that the action of the verb is not permitted, e.g., "Do not go!". In Portuguese and Spanish, for example, the forms of the imperative are only used for the imperative itself, e.g., "vai embora!" "¡vete!", whereas the subjunctive is used to form negative commands, e.g., "não vás embora!" "¡no te vayas!".
In English, the imperative is sometimes used to form a conditional sentence: e.g., "Go eastwards a mile, and you will see it" means "If you go eastward a mile, you will see it".
Desiderative
Whereas the optative expresses hopes, the desiderative mood expresses wishes and desires. Desires are what we want to be the case; hope generally implies optimism toward the chances of a desire's fulfillment. If someone desires something but is pessimistic about its chances of occurring, then one desires it but does not hope for it. Few languages have a distinct desiderative mood; three that do are Sanskrit, Japanese, and Proto-Indo-European.In Japanese the verb inflection -tai expresses the speaker's desire, e.g., watashi wa asoko ni ikitai "I want to go there". This form is treated as a pseudo-adjective: the auxiliary verb garu is used by dropping the end -i of an adjective to indicate the outward appearance of another's mental state, in this case the desire of a person other than the speaker.
In Sanskrit, the infix -sa-, sometimes -isa-, is added to the reduplicated root, e.g. jíjīviṣati "he wants to live" instead of jī́vati "he lives". The desiderative in Sanskrit may also be used as imminent: mumūrṣati "he is about to die". The Sanskrit desiderative continues Proto-Indo-European.
Dubitative
The dubitative mood is used in Ojibwe, Turkish, Bulgarian and other languages. It expresses the speaker's doubt or uncertainty about the event denoted by the verb. For example, in Ojibwe, Baawitigong igo ayaa noongom translates as "he is in Baawitigong today." When the dubitative suffix -dog is added, this becomes Baawitigong igo ayaadog noongom, "I guess he must be in Baawitigong."Presumptive
The presumptive mood is used in Romanian and Hindi to express presupposition or hypothesis, regardless of the fact denoted by the verb, as well as other more or less similar attitudes: doubt, curiosity, concern, condition, indifference, inevitability. Often, no exact translation, which conveys the same nuance, can be constructed in English for the sentences Presumptive mood in Hindi and Romanian.Romanian
The sentence, acolo s-o fi dus "he might have gone there" shows the basic presupposition use, while the following excerpt from a poem by Eminescu shows the use both in a conditional clause de-o fi "suppose it is" and in a main clause showing an attitude of submission to fate le-om duce "we would bear".Hindi
In Hindi, the presumptive mood can be used in all the three tenses. The same structure for a particular grammatical aspect can be used to refer to the present, past and future times depending on the context. Note that the English translations are not exactly accurate and the nuance that sentences in presumptive mood conveys cannot easily be translated into English.Note: Some English translations are the same for different aspects but however each of the Hindi sentences convey different nuance and are not interchangeable in general.