Kampala


Kampala is the capital and largest city of Uganda. The city proper was estimated to have a population of 1,650,800 people on 31 July 2019 and is divided into the five boroughs of Kampala Central Division, Kawempe Division, Makindye Division, Nakawa Division, and Rubaga Division.
Kampala's metropolitan area consists of the city proper and the neighboring Wakiso District, Mukono District, Mpigi District, Buikwe District and Luweero District. It has a rapidly growing population that is estimated at 6,709,900 people in 2019 by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics in an area of.
In 2015, this metropolitan area generated an estimated nominal GDP of $13.80221 billion according to Xuantong Wang et al., which was more than half of Uganda's GDP for that year, indicating the importance of Kampala to Uganda's economy.
Kampala is reported to be among the fastest-growing cities in Africa, with an annual population growth rate of 4.03 percent, by City Mayors. Kampala has been ranked the best city to live in East Africa ahead of Nairobi and Kigali by Mercer, a global development consulting agency based in New York City.

Etymology

Kampala originally referred to only the present-day Old Kampala hill, on whose summit Fort Lugard was located, and the initial headquarters of the British colonialists in the soon to be Uganda Protectorate.
Before the British construction and occupation of Fort Lugard, the hill was a hunting reserve of the Kabaka of Buganda and had several species of antelope, especially the impala. As a result, when the British colonial agents were allocated this hill by the then Kabaka of Buganda, they referred to it as "The Hill of the Impala".
The Baganda, in whose territory this British settlement was located, then translated "Hill of the Impala" as Akasozi ke'Empala. This was then shortened to K'empala and finally Kampala. "Kasozi" means "hill", "ke" "of", and "empala" the plural of "impala". Hence the name "Kampala" came to refer to this initial British colonial settlement that would later on spread out from the occupied Old Kampala hill near the pre-existing Kibuga of the Buganda Kingdom.

History

This area of numerous hills and swamps that later become known as Kampala was part of the core of the highly centralized Buganda Kingdom. It was also the site of the shifting Kibuga of the different Bassekabaka of the Buganda Kingdom with each Kabaka upon coronation or subsequently during their reign setting up their Kibuga on a new and or different hill as they wished or desired.
The first written description of this Kibuga was by the explorer Richard Francis Burton in his book, The Lake Region of East Africa published in 1860. In the book, Burton relying on the information collected by Snay Bin Amir, an Arab trader, described the Kibuga as
In 1862, when explorer John Speke arrived in Buganda, the Kibuga was at Bandabarogo, present-day Banda Hill, and the reigning Kabaka was Mutesa I.
In 1875, explorer Henry Morton Stanley reported the capital as being at present-day Lubaga Hill where he met the same Kabaka
During this visit, Henry Stanley Morton wrote a letter that was published in the Daily Telegraphy, inviting missionaries to come to Buganda. He also described the Kibuga in his 1870s dispatches to the New York Herald, thus:
In 1877 the first lot of missionaries of Church Mission Society who were of the Protestant faith, arrived from the United Kingdom and were allocated Namirembe Hill. Two years later in 1879 the Catholic White Fathers missionaries also arrived, first settling at the present day village of Kitebi near Lubaga but would subsequently be allocated Lubaga Hill. The arrival of these two missionary groups laid the ground for the religious wars of 1888 to 1892 between their new converts and forced the missionaries from Britain to then lobby for the British government to take over Buganda/Uganda as a protectorate.
In 1890 Frederick Lugard, an agent of the Imperial British East Africa Company, arrived in Buganda during the reign of Ssekabaka Mwanga II with whom he signed a treaty of protection by the British government over Buganda, and the Kibuga was at Mengo Hill. Captain Lugard would, later on, be allocated the hill that would soon be known as Old Kampala, and on which he built a fort.
In 1895 Mengo Senior School, the first school offering Western education in Kampala, was opened by the Church Missionary Society at Namirembe hill, where mostly children of chiefs and pages of the royal palaces were the students.
In 1897 Ssekabaka Mwanga rebelled and waged a war against British rule and was subsequently captured and deported in 1899 to the Seychelles alongside Omukama Kabalega, and his 3-year-old son was made king by the combined forces of the British officers, Nubian soldiers and Baganda collaborators. This state of affairs later culminated in the signing of the Buganda Agreement that formalized British colonial rule in Buganda.
Also in 1897, Kampala's first Western-style health facility Mengo Hospital was opened on Namirembe hill by British doctor and missionary Sir Albert Ruskin Cook. In addition the same Dr Albert Cook would in 1913 found Mulago Hospital, the current National Referral Hospital, at Mulago hill.
In 1899, the Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa founded Lubaga Hospital on Lubaga Hill.
In 1900, the regents of the infant king Daudi Cwa 11, Apolo Kagwa the Katikiro of Buganda, Stanislaus Mugwanya the Mulamuzi of Buganda, and Zakaria Kisingiri the Muwanika of Buganda, with Bishop Alfred Tucker, signed the Buganda Agreement on behalf of Buganda with Sir Harry Johnston who signed on behalf of the British Government.
This agreement by Sir Harry Johnston created new land tenures such as freehold, Crown land, and mailo, and divided up and allocated the land in such a way that would come to define the development of Kampala.
The land in Buganda's capital including Mengo Hill and Makerere Hill, was allocated to the young king, the Baganda colonial collaborators, etc. under mailo and freehold.
The religious missions were also formally allocated land they were previously occupying. Thus the Catholic White Fathers got Lubaga Hill, the Protestant Church Missionary Society got Namirembe Hill, the Muslims under Prince Nuhu Mbogo's leadership received Kibuli Hill, the British Catholic Mill Hill Missionaries received most of Nsambya Hill. The Uganda Protectorate government obtained land classified as Crown lands in the area such as Old Kampala Hill, Nakasero Hill, etc.
To legalize the above changes, the following laws and ordinances were subsequently passed: The Crown lands Ordinance of 1903, The Land Law of 1908, The Registration of Land Titles ordinance of 1922 and the Busulu and Envujo law of 1928.
In 1906, the Crown lands consisting of Old Kampala, Nakasero hills etc. and covering was consolidated and gazetted as Kampala Township.
In 1912 Kampala Township received its first land-use plan and had a European and Asian population of 2,850.
In 1922 Kampala's oldest university, Makerere, was founded as the Uganda Technical College at the present Makerere Hill and initially offered carpentry, building construction, mechanics, arts, education, agriculture, and medicine.
In 1930 the first sewerage plan was prepared to target a population of 20,000 people in Nakasero and Old Kampala areas of the Kampala township. This plan guided sewerage development from 1936 to 1940 in planned urban areas of the Kampala Township and excluded the Kibuga area occupied by the Baganda and other natives.
In 1931, the Uganda Railway line reached Kampala, connecting Kampala to Mombasa Port thirty-five years from the commencement of its construction.
In 1938, The East African Power & Lighting Company was granted a license for thermal electric power generation and distribution for the towns of Kampala and Entebbe, and in the same year Governor Sir Philip Mitchel switched on Kampala and Uganda's first electric street lights.
In 1945, Ernst May a German architect, was commissioned by the Uganda Protectorate Government to design a new physical plan for Kampala. Ernst May's plan of 1947 was intended to extend Kampala eastwards covering Kololo Hill and Naguru Hill, and with commercial center on the southern slopes of Nakasero Hill, an industrial zone in the southeast of Kampala and for the first time a planned residential zone for the Ugandan natives. The plan was never fully implemented, and in 1951 the third physical plan by Henry Kendall was instead adopted, though it incorporated some elements of Ernst May's 1947 plan.
Henry Kendall's 1951 plan expanded Kampala from the area of 1930 plan to an area of incorporating areas like Kololo Hill, and Industrial Area. However, like the first two planning schemes, the 1951 plan failed to achieve many of its stated objectives.
On 9 October 1962, Uganda gained independence; subsequently the capital city was transferred from Entebbe to Kampala and in the same year, Kampala was granted city status.
In 1968, six years after Uganda attained independence, the boundaries of Kampala were expanded incorporating the Kibuga, Kawempe and Nakawa Townships, and areas including Muyenga and Ggaba. This increased the administrative area of Kampala from to the current.
In 1972, the fourth physical plan for Kampala was made covering the newly incorporated areas of Kampala's boundary extensions of 1968, but the subsequent political and economic turmoil of the 1970s and 1980s meant the plan was never implemented. Similarly, the fifth physical plan for Kampala made in 1994, like the 1972 plan, was also never implemented.
Similarly, the fifth physical plan for Kampala made in 1994, like the 1972 plan, was also never implemented.
In 2010 the Kampala Capital City Authority act was enacted, giving the Ugandan government more control of the administration of Kampala. The act also created the Kampala Metropolitan Physical Planning Authority with stated aims of improving the infrastructure of the City of Kampala and the surrounding districts of Wakiso, Mukono, Buikwe, Mpigi and Luwero.

Geography

Topography

The City of Kampala covers a total area of, comprising of land and of water.
Kampala is a hilly place with its valleys filled with sluggish rivers/ swamps. The highest point in the city proper is the summit of Kololo hill at, located in the center of the city and the lowest point at the shores of Lake Victoria south of the city center at altitude of.

Hills

Kampala was originally built on seven hills, but it has expanded to cover more than the original seven hills.
The original seven hills are:
Due to Kampala's hilly nature and tropical climate, the valleys have sluggish rivers/ swamps that tend to flow southwards towards Lake Victoria or northwards. These seasonal and or permanent swamps cover 15% of Kampala's land area. They include:
Kampala, due to the diversity of habitats that include wetlands and hills, was previously covered with short-grasses on the tops of the hills, elephant grass, Cyperus papyrus, African water lily etc. in the swamps and evergreen forests with trees such as African olive and Natal fig.

Geology

Kampala is located on the East African Plateau between the two arms of the East African Rift and on the northern limits of Tanzania Craton.

Climate

Kampala has a tropical rainforest climate under the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system.
A facet of Kampala's weather is that it features two annual wetter seasons. While the city does not have a true dry season month, it experiences heavier precipitation from August to December and from February to June. However, it's between February and June that Kampala sees substantially heavier rainfall per month, with April typically seeing the heaviest amount of precipitation at an average of around of rain.

Education

Pre-primary education
Pre-primary education is offered only by private entities which are located in the various neighborhoods of Kampala, and is lightly regulated by the Ministry of Education and Sports and starts from age of 6 weeks. Education in Kampala city is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions offering a wide range of educational training that includes pre-primary, primary, secondary, vocational, technical undergraduate and post-graduate education.
Primary and secondary education in Kampala
Kampala has a number of both primary and secondary schools in every parish that are mostly privately owned and a handful that are state-owned and are also lightly regulated by the City Education directorate and Ministry of Education and Sports.
Some of the private institutions:
Vocational and technical education in Kampala
Kampala has a number of both private and state institutions offering training in a broad range of fields as indicated in the table below:
Vocation/technical
institution		SpecialityLocationOwnershipEst
Nakawa Vocational Training Institute
  • Electricity/electronic
  • Automotive/auto – electrical
  • Brick/block laying and concrete practice
  • Welding and fabrication
  • Sheet metal and plumbing
  • Wood working
  • Machining and Fitting
NakawaState owned1971
Tiner International School of Beauty
  • Hairdressing
  • Beauty therapy
    		• WandegeyaPrivate1995
    Jimmy Sekasi Institute of Catering
  • Food and beverage
    		• KabalagalaPrivate1989
    St Mbaaga Major Seminary
  • Theology
    		• GgabaPrivate1976

    Demographics

    The population of Kampala city proper has been rapidly increasing from 62,264 in 1948 to 1,189,142 in 2002 then 1,507,080 in 2014. In 2019 the population was estimated to be 1,650,800.
    Kampala, being the capital city and economic engine of Uganda, has a diverse ethnic population drawn from all parts of the country and also from neighboring countries such as Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, and even from countries as far away as India and China.
    Cross-cultural intimate relations in Kampala and even Uganda generally speaking are still unusual. Although many of Kampala's residents live and work in close contact, they still define themselves by their ethnic origins. This is more evident in the native languages used at home, work places and even in public spaces alongside Luganda and English. In addition to the Baganda and Banyankole, other large ethnic groups include the Basoga, Bafumbira, Batoro, Bakiga, Alur, Bagisu, Banyoro, Iteso, Langi, and Acholi.
    Historical population data for Kampala
    Year19481959196919801991200220142019
    Kampala 62,264107,058330,700458,503774,2411,189,1421,507,0801,650,800

    Culture

    Cultural institutions

    Prominent institutions include the Uganda Museum and the Ugandan National Theatre.

    Ndere Cultural Centre

    A prominent cultural centre in the Kampala area of Kisasi that aims to promote Ugandan and African cultural expressions through music, dance, and drama. The name Ndere is derived from the noun 'endere', which means flute. As an instrument found in all cultures, it is chosen as a peaceful symbol of the universality of cultural expressions. The Ndere centre is famous for its Ndere troupe, a music and dance troupe that perform several nights every week at the centre showcasing music and dance from all over Uganda as well as Rwanda and Burundi.

    People

    Notable people

    People awarded the honorary citizenship of Kampala are:
    DateNameNotes
    16 June 2017Aga Khan IV British humanitarian and Imam of Nizari-Ismaili Shia Islam

    Sports

    Kampala is home to the City Oilers, one of East Africa's top basketball club teams. It is the only East African team that competes in the FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup. The Oilers play their home games in the MTN Arena, which is based in Kampala's Lugogo Area.
    The city hosted the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 2017.

    Economy

    Efforts are underway to relocate heavy industry to the Kampala Business and Industrial Park, located in Namanve, Mukono District, approximately east of the city's central business district, thereby cutting down on city traffic congestion. Some of the businesses that maintain their headquarters in the city center include all of the 25 commercial banks licensed in Uganda; the New Vision Group, the leading news media conglomerate and majority owned by the government; and the Daily Monitor publication, a member of the Kenya-based Nation Media Group. Air Uganda maintained its headquarters in an office complex on Kololo Hill in Kampala. Crown Beverages Limited, the sole Pepsi-Cola franchise bottler in the country, is situated in Nakawa, a division of Kampala, about east of the city centre.
    The informal sector is a large contributor to Kampala's GDP. Citizens who work in the formal sector also participate in informal activities to earn more income for their families. A public servant in Kampala, for example, may engage in aviculture in addition to working in the formal sector. Other informal fields include owning taxis and urban agriculture. The use of Kampala's wetlands for urban farming has increased over the past few decades. It connects the informal rural settlements with the more industrialized parts of the city. The produce grown in the wetlands is sold in markets in the urban areas.
    In December 2015, Google launched its first Wi-Fi network in Kampala.
    While more than 30 percent of Kampala's inhabitants practice urban agriculture, the city of Kampala donated to promote urban agriculture in the northeastern parish of Kyanja, in Nakawa Division.

    Transport

    Kampala is served by Entebbe International Airport, which is the largest airport in Uganda.
    Boda-bodas are a popular mode of transport that gives access to many areas within and outside the city. Standard fees for these range from USh:1,000 to 2,000 or more. Boda-bodas are useful for passing through rush-hour traffic, although many are poorly maintained and dangerous.
    In early 2007, it was announced that Kampala would remove commuter taxis from its streets and replace them with a comprehensive city bus service. The bus service was expected to cover the greater Kampala metropolitan area including Mukono, Mpigi, Bombo, Entebbe, Wakiso and Gayaza. the service had not yet started. Having successfully completed the Northern Bypass, the government, in collaboration with its stakeholders, now plans to introduce the bus rapid transit system in Kampala by 2014. On 12 March 2012, Pioneer Easy Bus Company, a private transport company, started public bus service in Kampala with an estimated 100 buses each with a 60-passenger capacity, acquired from China. Another 422 buses were expected in the country in 2012. The buses operate 24 hours daily. The company has a concession to provide public transport in the city for the next five years. The buses were impounded for back taxes in December 2013. The company expected to resume operation in February 2015.
    In 2014, Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni and a Chinese transportation company signed a Memorandum of Understanding, to embark at some point on building a light rail system in Kampala, similar to the one recently completed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    On 11 April 2011, the pressure group Activists for Change held its first Walk to Work protest near Kampala, in response to a comment by President Museveni on the increased cost of fuel, which had risen by 50 percent between January and April 2011. He said: "What I call on the public to do is to use fuel sparingly. Don't drive to bars." The protest, which called on workers to walk to work to highlight the increased cost of transport in Uganda, was disrupted by police, who fired tear gas and arrested three-time presidential candidate Kizza Besigye and Democratic Party leader Norbert Mao. In the course of the protest, Besigye was shot in the right arm by a rubber bullet. The government blamed the violence on protesters.
    In 2016, the Rift Valley Railways Consortium and Kampala Capital City Authority established passenger rail service between Namanve and Kampala and between Kampala and Kyengera. Those services were temporarily discontinued after RVR lost its concession in Uganda in October 2017. However, when Uganda Railways Corporation took over the operations of the metre gauge railway system in Uganda in 2018, the service was restored in February that year. A new Kampala to Port Bell route is being planned to be added in the 2018/2019 financial year.

    Places of worship

    Among the places of worship are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala, Church of Uganda, Presbyterian Church in Uganda, Baptist Union of Uganda, and Assemblies of God. There are also Muslim mosques.
    Kampala hosts a Bahá'í House of Worship known as the Mother Temple of Africa and is situated on Kikaya Hill on the outskirts of the city. The temple was inaugurated in January 1961.

    Gallery

    People that have been here