List of Unitarians, Universalists, and Unitarian Universalists
A number of notable people have considered themselves Unitarians, Universalists, and following the merger of these denominations in the United States and Canada in 1961, Unitarian Universalists. Additionally, there are persons who, because of their writings or reputation, are considered to have held Unitarian or Universalist beliefs. Individuals who held unitarian beliefs but were not affiliated with Unitarian organizations are often referred to as "small 'u'" unitarians. The same principle can be applied to those who believed in universal salvation but were not members of Universalist organizations. This article, therefore, makes the distinction between capitalized "Unitarians" and "Universalists" and lowercase "unitarians" and "universalists".
The Unitarians and Universalists are groups that existed long before the creation of Unitarian Universalism.
Early Unitarians did not hold Universalist beliefs, and early Universalists did not hold Unitarian beliefs. But beginning in the nineteenth century the theologies of the two groups started becoming more similar.
Additionally, their eventual merger as the Unitarian Universalist Association did not eliminate divergent Unitarian and Universalist congregations, especially outside the US. Even within the US, some congregations still keep only one of the two names, "Unitarian" or "Universalist". However, with only a few exceptions, all belong to the UUA—even those that maintain dual affiliation. Transcendentalism was a movement that diverged from contemporary American Unitarianism but has been embraced by later Unitarians and Unitarian Universalists.
In Northern Ireland, Unitarian churches are officially called "Non-Subscribing Presbyterian", but are informally known as "Unitarian" and are affiliated with the Unitarian churches of the rest of the world.
A
- Francis Ellingwood Abbot – Unitarian minister who led a group that attempted to liberalize the Unitarian constitution and preamble. He later helped found the Free Religious Association.
- Abigail Adams – women's rights advocate and first Second Lady and the second First Lady of the United States
- James Luther Adams – Unitarian theologian.
- John Adams – second President of the United States.
- John Quincy Adams – sixth President of the United States. Co-founder, All Souls Church, Unitarian
- Sarah Fuller Adams – English poet and hymn writer
- Conrad Aiken – poet
- Louisa May Alcott – author of Little Women.
- Ethan Allen – author of Reason the Only Oracle of Man, and the chief source of Hosea Ballou's universalist ideas
- Joseph Henry Allen – American Unitarian scholar and minister
- Arthur J. Altmeyer – father of Social Security
- Oliver Ames, Jr. – Massachusetts businessman and industrialist who commissioned the building of the Unity Church of North Easton
- J. M. Andrews – Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
- Thomas Andrews – Master-shipbuilder of the RMS Oceanic, Big Four-class ocean liners and Olympic-class ocean liner
- Tom Andrews – U.S. Representative from Maine
- Susan B. Anthony – Quaker
- Robert Aspland – English Unitarian minister, editor and activist, founder of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association
- Robert Brook Aspland – English Unitarian minister and editor, son of Robert Aspland
B
- Samuel Bache - English Unitarian minister
- E. Burdette Backus – Unitarian Humanist minister
- Bill Baird – reproductive rights pioneer, Unitarian.
- Sara Josephine Baker – physician and public health worker.
- Emily Greene Balch – Nobel Peace Laureate
- Roger Nash Baldwin – founder of American Civil Liberties Union
- Adin Ballou – abolitionist and former Baptist who became a Universalist minister, then a Unitarian minister.
- Hosea Ballou – American Universalist leader.
- Aaron Bancroft – Congregationalist Unitarian minister
- John Bardeen – physicist, Nobel Laureate 1956 and in 1972
- Phineas Taylor Barnum – American showman and Circus Owner
- Ysaye Maria Barnwell – member of Sweet Honey in the Rock, founded the Jubilee Singers, a choir at All Souls Church in Washington, D.C.
- Béla Bartók – composer.
- Clara Barton – organizer of American Red Cross, Universalist
- Christopher C. Bell – author
- Ami Bera – U.S. Representative for California
- Henry Bergh – founded the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
- Tim Berners-Lee – inventor of the World Wide Web.
- Paul Blanshard – activist.
- Chester Bliss Bowles – Connecticut Governor and diplomat.
- Ray Bradbury – author.
- Andre Braugher - American actor
- T. Berry Brazelton – pediatrician, author, TV show host.
- Alice Williams Brotherton, poet and magazine writer
- Olympia Brown – suffragist, Universalist minister of the Unitarian Universalist Church of Kent Ohio
- Percival Brundage – technocrat
- John A. Buehrens – president of the Unitarian Universalist Association from 1993–2001
- Charles Bulfinch – most notable for being Architect of the Capitol. Co-founder, All Souls Church, Unitarian
- Ralph Wendell Burhoe – scholar
- Harold Hitz Burton – U.S. Supreme Court Justice 1945–1958
- Edmund Butcher – English minister
C
- John C. Calhoun – U.S. Senator Co-founder, All Souls Church, Unitarian
- Walter Bradford Cannon – experimental physiologist
- Louise Whitfield Carnegie – wife of philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. After Carnegie died Louise made donations to charities.
- Lant Carpenter – English Unitarian minister, author and educator
- Russell Lant Carpenter – Unitarian minister. Son and biographer of Dr. Lant Carpenter
- William Herbert Carruth – educator, poet, President of Pacific Coast Conference of the Unitarian Church
- Samuel Carter – British MP and early railway solicitor
- Lee Carter — delegate for Virginia's 50th House of Delegates district
- Joseph Chamberlain – Manufacturer, Unitarian, founder of local government in Britain.
- Neville Chamberlain – Unitarian, then Anglican and, British Prime Minister.
- Augusta Jane Chapin – American Universalist minister, educator and activist for women's rights
- William Ellery Channing – Unitarian minister, whose 1819 sermon "Unitarian Christianity" laid the foundations for American Unitarianism.
- Charles Chauncy – Unitarian Congregationalist minister.
- Jesse Chickering – Unitarian minister and economist
- Brock Chisholm – director, World Health Organization
- Parley P. Christensen – Utah and California politician, Esperantist
- Judy Chu - Congressperson representing California's 27th Congressional District. First Chinese-American woman elected to the U.S. Congress
- Annie Clark – musician and singer-songwriter, better known by her stage name, St. Vincent.
- Andrew Inglis Clark – Tasmanian politician. Responsible for the adoption of the Hare-Clark system of proportional representation by the Parliament of Tasmania
- Grenville Clark – author
- Joseph S. Clark – U.S. Senator and mayor of Philadelphia
- Laurel Clark – U.S. Navy officer and NASA Astronaut who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
- James Freeman Clarke – Unitarian minister, theologian and author
- Stanley Cobb – neurologist and psychiatrist
- William Cohen – U.S. Secretary of Defense, U.S. Senator from Maine
- Emily Parmely Collins — American suffragist, activist, writer
- Henry Steele Commager – American historian and biographer of Theodore Parker
- Kent Conrad – U.S. Senator from North Dakota
- William David Coolidge – inventor, physician, research director
- Norman Cousins – editor and writer, Unitarian friend
- E. E. Cummings – poet and painter
- William Cushing – one of the original US Supreme Court Justices, appointed by Geo. Washington and longest serving of the original justices.
D
- Cyrus Dallin – American sculptor
- Charles Darwin – English naturalist and biologist
- Ferenc Dávid – Transylvanian priest, minister and bishop, founder of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania, first to use the word "Unitarian" to describe his faith
- George de Benneville – Universalist
- Morris Dees – attorney, cofounder, chief legal counsel of Southern Poverty Law Center
- Karl W. Deutsch – international political scientist
- John Dewey – author of A Common Faith, Unitarian friend
- Charles Dickens – English novelist.
- John H. Dietrich – Unitarian minister
- James Drummond Dole – entrepreneur
- Emily Taft Douglas – U.S. Representative, Illinois
- Paul Douglas – U.S. Senator, also a Quaker
- Madelyn Dunham – grandmother of U.S. President Barack Obama
- Stanley Armour Dunham – grandfather of Barack Obama
- Stanley Ann Dunham – mother of Barack Obama
E
- Richard Eddy – minister and author of 1886 book Universalism in America.
- James Chuter Ede - British teacher, trade unionist and politician, Home Secretary and President of the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches
- Charles William Eliot – landscape architect
- Samuel Atkins Eliot – first president of the Unitarians
- Thomas H. Eliot – legislator and educator
- Thomas Lamb Eliot – minister, founder of First Unitarian Church in Portland, Oregon, and Reed College
- Ralph Waldo Emerson – Unitarian minister and Transcendentalist
- William Emerson – MIT dean of architecture
- Ephraim Emerton – historian and educator
- Marc Estrin – American novelist and political activist
- Charles Carroll Everett – Unitarian minister and Harvard Divinity professor from Maine
F
- Sophia Lyon Fahs – liberal religious educator
- Millard Fillmore – thirteenth President of the United States
- Joseph L. Fisher – U.S. congressman
- Benjamin Flower – English radical writer
- James Freeman – first American preacher to call himself a Unitarian
- Caleb Fleming – English anti-Trinitarian dissenting minister
- Robert Fulghum – UU minister and writer
- Buckminster Fuller – inventor, engineer
- Margaret Fuller – journalist
G
- Elizabeth Gaskell – British novelist and social reformer
- Frank Gannett – newspaper publisher
- Greta Gerwig – actor
- Thomas Field Gibson - English manufacturer who aided the welfare of the Spitalfields silk weavers
- Henry Giles – British-American Unitarian minister and writer
- Hilary Goodridge – the lead plaintiff in the landmark case Goodridge v. Department of Public Health
- Eleanor Gordon – minister and member of the Iowa Sisterhood.
- Mike Gravel – U.S. Senator; 2008 Democratic presidential candidate
- Mary H. Graves – minister, literary editor, writer
- Dana Greeley – the first president of the Unitarian Universalist Association
- Horace Greeley – newspaper editor, presidential candidate, Universalist
- Robert Joseph Greene – Canadian author and LGBT Activist
- Chester Greenwood – inventor
- Gary Gygax – game designer and creator of Dungeons and Dragons, called himself a Christian, "albeit one that is of the Arian persuasion."
H
- Edward Everett Hale – American author, historian and Unitarian clergyman.
- Ellen L. Hamilton – artist, author, advocate for homeless teens, and member of UUA Board of Trustees.
- Phebe Ann Coffin Hannaford – first lesbian minister, biographer
- Donald S. Harrington
- Charles Hartshorne – theologian, who developed Process Theology
- John Hayward – philosopher of religion and the arts
- William Hazlitt – influential Unitarian minister and father of the writer of the same name
- Oliver Heaviside – self-taught English electrical engineer, mathematician, and physicist
- Iacob Heraclid – Greek Maltese adventurer, missionary, Prince of Moldavia
- Thomas Wentworth Higginson – Unitarian Minister and member of the Secret Six who funded John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry.
- Lotta Hitschmanova – founder, Unitarian Service Committee of Canada
- Jessica Holmes – cast member of Air Farce.
- John Holmes – poet
- Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. – American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1902 to 1932. Unitarian
- W. R. Holway – engineer in Tulsa, co-founded All Souls Unitarian Church in 1921.
- Julia Ward Howe – author of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".
- Roman Hruska – conservative Republican Senator from Nebraska
- David Hubel – Nobel Prize Laureate in Medicine 1981
- Charles Hudson – Universalist minister and politician
- – filmmaker,
J
- Thomas Jefferson – third president of the U.S., Unitarian
- Joseph Johnson – English publisher
- Jenkin Lloyd Jones – Unitarian missionary and minister in the United States
- Richard Lloyd Jones – son of Jenkin Lloyd Jones, editor and publisher of the Tulsa Tribune, also co-founder of All Souls Unitarian Church in 1921.
K
- György Kepes – visual artist
- Naomi King – Unitarian minister, daughter of author Stephen King
- Thomas Starr King – minister who during his career served both in Universalist and in Unitarian churches
- James R. Killian – president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- W.M. Kiplinger – publisher of the Kiplinger Letters
- Webster Kitchell - theologian
- Abner Kneeland – Universalist minister and denominational leader who, after leaving the denomination to become a leader in the freethought movement, was convicted and jailed for blasphemy.
- Richard Knight – friend, colleague and follower of Joseph Priestley, developed the first method to make platinum malleable. Stored Priestley's library during his escape to America.
- Penney Kome - Canadian author and journalist
L
- William L. Langer – historian of diplomacy
- Margaret Laurence – author
- Alfred McClung Lee – sociologist
- John Lewis – British Unitarian minister and Marxist philosopher and author of many works on philosophy, anthropology, and religion.
- Arthur Lismer – Canadian painter, educator
- Viola Liuzzo – civil rights activist
- Mary Livermore – Universalist
- James W. Loewen – sociologist
- Arthur Lovejoy – founder of the History of Ideas movement
M
- George MacDonald – Scottish author, poet, and Universalist
- John P. Marquand – author
- Peter Finch Martineau – English businessman and community benefactor
- Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk – first President of Czechoslovakia
- Bernard Maybeck – architect, Unitarian
- Scotty McLennan – dean for Religious Life at Stanford University, Minister of Stanford Memorial Church, and inspiration for the Reverend Scot Sloan character in the comic strip Doonesbury
- Adrian Melott – physicist and cosmologist
- Herman Melville – American writer best known for Moby-Dick.
- Samuel Freeman Miller – United States Supreme Court Justice from 1862 to 1890
- Robert Millikan – Nobel Laureate in Physics 1923 for determining the charge of the electron, taught at CalTech in Pasadena CA
- Walt Minnick – Politician and representative for Idaho's 1st congressional district, United States House of Representatives
- Théodore Monod – French activist. Founding president of the Francophone Unitarian Association
- Ashley Montagu – anthropologist and social biologist
- Slim Moon - American music producer
- Christopher Moore – founder of the Chicago Children's Choir
- Mary Carr Moore – composer, teacher, Far Western activist for American Music
- Peter Morales – eighth president of the Unitarian Universalist Association
- Arthur E. Morgan – human engineer and college president
- John Murray – Universalist minister and leader
- Judith Sargent Murray – American writer, held a local Universalist preacher's license in the 1790s, an advocate of Universalism and women's rights
N
- Isaac Newton – English physicist and mathematician
- Maurine Neuberger – U.S. Senator
- Paul Newman – actor, film director
O
- Keith Olbermann – news anchor, political commentator, and sports journalist
- Mary White Ovington – NAACP founder
P
- Bob Packwood – U.S. Senator from Oregon
- John Palmer – English Unitarian minister
- David Park – West coast painter.
- Isaac Parker – Massachusetts Congressman and jurist, including Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1814 to his death.
- Theodore Parker – Unitarian minister and transcendentalist
- Linus Pauling – Nobel Laureate for Peace and for Chemistry
- Randy Pausch – computer science professor at Carnegie Mellon University, Author of The Last Lecture
- Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin – astronomer and astrophysicist.
- Richard Peacock – British lcomotive engineer and philantrhopist
- Laura Pedersen – American author, journalist, playwright and humorist. Books and plays with humanist themes. Lifelong UU, Interfaith minister.
- Melissa Harris-Perry – professor, author, and political commentator on MSNBC hosting the Melissa Harris-Perry.
- William James Perry, – former United States Secretary of Defense
- William T. Pheiffer – American lawyer/politician
- Utah Phillips, – American singer, songwriter and homeless advocate
- William Pickering – space explorer
- James Pierpont – songwriter
- Daniel Pinkham – composer
- John Platts – English Unitarian minister and author
- Van Rensselaer Potter – global bioethicist
- Joseph Priestley – discoverer of oxygen and Unitarian minister
- George Pullman – Universalist
- Sylvia Plath - American Writer, Poet
- Beatrix Potter - British Children's Writer of the famous "Peter Rabbit" stories
R
- Mary Jane Rathbun – marine zoologist
- James Reeb – civil-rights martyr
- Curtis W. Reese – religious humanist
- Christopher Reeve – actor and Unitarian Universalist
- James Relly – Universalist
- Paul Revere – American silversmith, industrialist and patriot
- David Ricardo – British classical economist noted for creating the concept of comparative advantage
- Malvina Reynolds – songwriter / singer / activist
- Elliot Richardson – often listed as "Anglican" but was a member of a UU church near Washington, D.C. for many years Lawyer and public servant
- Mark Ritchie – Minnesota Secretary of State
- Hugh Ronalds – British horticulturalist and nurseryman
- Francis Ronalds – English inventor of the electric telegraph
- Benjamin Rush – very active in the Universalist movement, although never technically joined a Universalist congregation
S
- Mary Augusta Safford – Unitarian Minister and leader of the Iowa Sisterhood.
- Leverett Saltonstall – U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
- Franklin Benjamin Sanborn – one of the Secret Six who funded John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry; social scientist and memorialist of transcendentalism.
- May Sarton – poet
- Ellery Schempp – physicist who was the primary student involved in the landmark 1963 United States Supreme Court case of Abington School District v. Schempp, which declared that public school-sanctioned Bible readings were unconstitutional.
- Arthur Schlesinger – American historian
- Richard Schultes – explorer of the Amazon jungle
- William F. Schulz – former executive director of Amnesty International USA, former president of the Unitarian Universalist Association
- Ferdinand Schumacher – one of the founders of companies which merged to become the Quaker Oats Company.
- Albert Schweitzer – Nobel Peace Laureate 1953, late in life unitarian; honorary member of the Church of the Larger Fellowship
- Pete Seeger – folk singer and song writer
- Roy Wood Sellars – philosopher of religious humanism
- Rod Serling – writer; creator of The Twilight Zone television series.
- Martha Sharp – an American Unitarian who was named by the Yad Vashem organization as "Righteous Among the Nations."
- Waitstill Sharp – a Unitarian minister who along with his wife Martha were named by Yad Vashem as "Righteous Among the Nations."
- Lemuel Shaw – Unitarian and chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Under his leadership, the court convicted Abner Kneeland, a former Universalist, of blasphemy.
- Robert Gould Shaw – colonel of the 54th Massachusetts, first regiment of free blacks in the Union Army.
- Herbert A. Simon – Nobel Laureate in Economics 1978, artificial intelligence pioneer
- Rev. William G. Sinkford – seventh president of the Unitarian Universalist Association
- Fred Small - Singer-songwriter and UU minister.
- Caroline Soule – American writer, ordained Universalist minister, first woman ordained as a minister in the UK in 1880
- Vanessa Southern, minister of the Unitarian Church in Summit
- Catherine Helen Spence – Australian suffragette and political reformer
- Lysander Spooner – American abolitionist and anarchist.
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton – American suffragist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement
- Pete Stark – U.S. Representative, D-California.
- Vilhjalmur Stefansson – Arctic explorer and champion of Native American rights
- Charles Proteus Steinmetz – Prussian-American electrical engineer and mathematician
- Adlai Stevenson – Illinois governor, and Democratic presidential candidate in 1952 and 1956
- George D. Stoddard - president of University of Illinois and the University of the State of New York.
- Lucy Stone American orator, abolitionist, and suffragist
- Joseph Story – United States Supreme Court Justice from 1811 to 1845.
- Dirk Jan Struik – mathematician
- Jedediah Strutt – pioneer cotton spinner and philanthropic employer.
- Margaret Sutton – author of the Judy Bolton series and other children's books
T
- William Howard Taft – President of the United States
- Robin Tanner - American Unitarian Universalist Minister and advocate for LBGT rights and voting rights.
- Clementia Taylor – women's activist and radical
- Joyce Tischler - Founder of Animal Legal Defense Fund, referred to as the "Mother of Animal Law."
- Clyde Tombaugh – American astronomer who discovered Pluto
- Amos G. Throop – Founder of Throop University, which later became the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, where he was also the city's third mayor. Throop Unitarian Universalist Church in Pasadena, a Unitarian Universalist congregation founded in 1923, was named after him.
V
- William Vidler – English Universalist and Unitarian minister
- Kurt Vonnegut – writer
W
- George Wald – Nobel Laureate in Medicine 1967
- Zach Wahls – LGBT activist, Iowa State Senator-elect
- Caroline Farrar Ware – historian and social activist
- William D. Washburn – Universalist American politician and businessman
- Daniel Webster
- Dawud Wharnsby – poet, singer and songwriter
- Alfred Tredway White – housing reformer and philanthropist
- Alfred North Whitehead – philosopher
- Willis Rodney Whitney – the "Father of Basic Research in Industry"
- Thomas Whittemore – Universalist Minister, author and publisher
- David Rhys Williams – American Unitarian minister
- Edward Williams – Welsh antiquarian, poet, collector, forger
- William Carlos Williams – physician and author
- Samuel Williston – dean of America's legal profession.
- Edwin H. Wilson – Unitarian Humanist leader
- Ross Winans – inventor and railroad pioneer
- Joanne Woodward – actress, wife of Paul Newman
- Theodore Paul Wright – aeronautical engineer
- Frank Lloyd Wright – among Wright's architectural works were Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, and First Unitarian Society in Madison, Wisconsin.
- Quincy Wright – author of A Study of War
- Richard Wright – English Unitarian minister and missionary
- Sewall Wright – evolutionary theorist.
- N.C. Wyeth – illustrator and painter
Y
- Owen D. Young – president and chairman of General Electric. Founder of Radio Corporation of America which helped found National Broadcasting Company. Drafted the Young Plan after World War I.
- Whitney M. Young – social work administrator
Z
- John II Sigismund Zápolya – king of Hungary, then prince of Transylvania.
Footnotes, citations and references